44 - A Third Way to Make Chalcedony.
1. In a glass flask with 1 pound of strong nitric acid, dissolve 4 ounces of fine silver leaf, which is to say small clippings of silver leaf. Dissolve the silver, seal the flask, and put it aside.
2. In another similar glass flask, with 1 pound of nitric acid, dissolve 5 ounces of mercury, purified with vinegar and common salt in a wooden bowl with a wooden pestle:
Work [the mercury) around vigorously with strong vinegar, and wash it thoroughly with clear ordinary water until all the common salt dissolves and is carried away together with the blackness of the mercury. Repeat this many times with new salt and vinegar, bathing it with water, as described above. You should dry this mercury with a chamois cloth and then dissolve it in the above nitric acid. As before, seal the glass vessel and put it aside.
3. In another flask, also of glass, in 1 pound of nitric acid dissolve 3 ounces of fine silver calcined in the following manner. You should amalgamate the silver with a suitable
amount of mercury. This amalgam, I mix with an equal weight of common salt well separated from all contamination. Do this as follows:
Dissolve the salt in ordinary water, and boil it for a while. Then let it settle for 2 days in order for the sediment mixed with the salt to go to the bottom. Filter the water, to hold back
most of the salt's sediment. Evaporate this filtered water in a glass vessel, separate the salt from any remaining sediment, and dry it well.
Then repeat the procedure to dissolve the salt again. Leave it, to allow the sediment to settle to the bottom. As before, filter it, and evaporate the water. Repeat until the salt does not leave any more dregs in the bottom, at which point it will be well prepared and purified for the work. This purification of the salt will not only open the silver more effectively, but also will ensure that the sediment of the salt is not mixed with the silver, which at this point would be difficult to remove.
Put everything in a crucible among hot coals in order for the mercury to fully evaporate away [ ], and leave the silver in the bottom, calcined and pulverized. Now add its weight again in new common salt prepared as before. Mix it well, and put it back in the crucible to calcine among the coals for 6 hours. Wash this vitrified material in a bowl several times with warm water, until it carries away all saltiness.
Then put this silver in a glass chamber pot full of ordinary water, and boil it until it decreases by a quarter. Now leave it to cool, and Iet the silver settle. Decant off the water, and repeat this with new water three times. On the fourth time put it in the flask of nitric acid, agitate it well, and store it aside.
4. In another similar glass flask put 1 pound of nitric acid. ln it, dissolve 3 ounces of sal ammoniac. As soon as it is well dissolved and clear, decant the acid, and throw away the residue in the bottom. Into this acid dissolve ¼ ounce of gold, seal the solution in the vessel, and leave it aside.
5. In another flask, I put 1 pound of nitric acid and in it, I dissolve 2 ounces of sal ammoniac. To that solution, I add ½ ounce of cinnabar, ½ ounce of Crocus Martis calcined with sulfur as demonstrated in chapter 16, ½ ounce of ultramarine blue, and ½ ounce of Spanish ferretto made as described in chapter 14.
All of these things must be ground well, each by itself and then added into the flask. Carefully watch those materials that cause the acid to boil and froth. You must add them nice and slow in order to avoid an eruption of all the materials, which would cause everything to be lost. When finished, seal the vessel and put it aside.
6. In another flask I put another 1 pound of nitric acid, dissolving in it 2 ounces of sal ammoniac as usual. Then I put in ½ ounce of iron crocus calcined with vinegar, as demonstrated in chapter 17. I add ½ ounce of calcined tin, which is common in the glazing furnaces of potters, ½ ounce of prepared zaffer, as was demonstrated in chapter 12, and ½ ounce of cinnabar.
Each of these l grind separately as usual. I add each nice and slow, carefully watching those things that cause the acid to swell and boil. When it does, I proceed cautiously with great
diligence in order not to have everything run amok. Once completed, I seal the vessel
putting it aside.
7. Into another glass flask, put 1 pound of nitric acid. In it, dissolve 2 ounces of sal ammoniac. Then put in 1 ounce of tinsel calcined with sulfur, making it the way described in chapter 21. Add ½ ounce of thrice cooked copper, from the kettle-smith's flake, as taught clearly in chapter 28, ½ ounce of Piedmont manganese prepared as described in the chapter 13, and ½ ounce of iron flake, which falls from the ironsmith's anvil.
Each one should be well ground separately and added little by little. Watch closely for those things that cause frothing and fuming, and if they do, go nice and slow in order not to spoil the material. When finished, seal the vessel, and put it aside.
8. In another flask, I put 1 pound of nitric acid and in it, I dissolve 2 ounces of sal ammoniac as usual. Then I add ½ ounce of red lead, 1 ounce of green copper, ½ ounce of crude antimony, and ½ ounce of the dry distillation of purified vitriol [chapter 31]. I grind each of these thoroughly by itself, and add it to the flask slowly. I always watch for swelling, in which case I always proceed little by little. That made, I seal the vessel and put it aside.
9. In another flask, also of glass, I put 1 pound of nitric acid, and in it dissolve 2 ounces of sal ammoniac. I add ½ ounce of orpiment, ½ ounce of crystalline arsenic [ ], and a ½ ounce
of crimson paint. Each one I pulverize separately. When it is ground well, I put it in the flask watching for swelling as usual. Once made, I seal the vessel, and set it aside.
Set these nine well-sealed flasks in the heat of the furnace for 15 days. Agitate them thoroughly several times each day. This will help the nitric acid to work, reduce the materials, and open their tinctures fully. If not opened, they will not work well.
Then I put all these materials with their acids in a large strong glass flask, taking care to add them little by little, watching for frothing of the materials, because these combined ingredients still foam up together. Having put in the materials of all the other flasks, I leave the large flask sealed for 6 days, and agitate it every day.
Then l set it in ash, giving it a slow fire for 24 hours. I heat it just until the acid evaporates and no further. I make sure that this flask is very well coated with good refractory cement on the bottom, and on up around half its body. At the end, one should give it the very lowest heat, so that the powders will not spoil from excessive fire. It must be quite slow at the end so only the liquid evaporates, and the better spirits of nitric acid remain imprisoned in the powders. This way the powder will make the glass beautiful and noble.
If you want to recover the nitric acid, use a head and receiver, and cement the joints well, so you can reuse whatever you recover, as was explained previously. In the bottom of the
flask, there remains a powder of a dark greenish tawny color. I add this to the glass in the dose and regimen prescribed for the previous chalcedonies. The melt should be made of clean glass and broken fragments of crystal, not chips of frit. With frit, it will not come out well. Take care to use the same intervals of time and diligence as elaborated in the first chalcedony recipe. Then, on schedule as described for the first chalcedony, I add to the melt the seared tartar, the chimney soot, and the crocus Martis made with vinegar [chapter 17]. I use the same doses, diligence, and intervals, in all and for all, as prescribed in the first chalcedony recipe. Then at the end of 24 hours I set about to work it, with the diligence to snip it with the nippers, and to strike it as before, very punctually as was said.
I demonstrated this third way to make chalcedony in the Belgian city of Antwerp, in January of the year 1609. At that time l was, and for many years had been [living] in the house of Mr. Emanuel Ximenes, Knight of the renowned Religion of Saint Steven, Portuguese noble man, citizen of Antwerp, kind spirit, and as well versed in every science as anyone that I have seen or known in the low countries.
With this powder, I made a chalcedony in a glass furnace in Antwerp that was then run by a most courteous gentleman; Mr. Filippo Ghiridolfi. This chalcedony gave rise to work so nice and graceful, that it emulated true oriental agate, and in beauty and delightful colors by far exceeded it.
Many Portuguese gentlemen in the practice of appraising jewels said that nature could do no better. This was the most beautiful chalcedony that I have ever made in my life. While it may be quite laborious and take a long time to produce, the result is fit for a king. I presented His Excellency, The Prince of Orange, with two vessels of this chalcedony, which delighted him greatly.
As long as your nitric acid is good, and the materials well made, you will do beautiful work, as I say, and to great [financial] advantage as well.