PREFACE.
HAf the national improvement of fkill and tafle in the execution of works o/'de-fign is a matter of great importance to any coun-try, not only on account of the honour which is derived to civilized nations by excelling in the polite arts, but likewife of the commercial ad-vantages refulting from ity will be allowed by ally who have not very fingular notions with re-fpeSl to thefe matters: though, in what degree fuch improvements are ejfentially interefing to us at prefenty is Jcarcely conceived by any, unlefs thofe who particularly concern the?nfelves in fpe-culations of this nature. 'The ftrong difpofition, that prevails not only in the European countries, but in the refpeElive fettlements of their people in Afia and America, for ufing thofe decorations and ornaments in drefs as well as buildings and furniture, that employ the arts of dejign, gives
at prefent the foundation to feveral of the moft conjiderable branches of trade: which are daily increafing, with the luxury, that feems removing
from the Eajl, and fpreading itfelf over thefe JVeftern countries and their colonies, in fuch manner as will probably foon render fome articles
cf this kind equal, in the return, to the moft ftaple and extenfeve of thofe of the former commerce. And, as feveral circumßances both oj mr (economical and political condition, by in- hancing to a very high degree the price of com- man necejfaries, and introducing mare expensive modes of life, are depriving us of the fhare we bad of the großer manufaSiures that depend on labour, it peculiarly behoves us to exert ourfelves in cultivating thqfe of a more reßned nature; where fill and taße (in which we by no means ßem naturally wanting) axe required to give a higher value to the work, and fond in the place of a greater proportion of manual operation.
It muß be with regret, therefore, we fee tie French have got greatly the fiart of us in ibis very material perjuit : and that the encouragement given by the governments together with the opportunities afforded by a well inflituted academy» has diffufed fetch a judgment and taße in defign among all clajfes of the artifems, as render France at this time the fource of nearly all invention of fffhions; and neceffarily occafim an extreme great demand, from her for all thofe articles, in the production of which fetch talents are exer- cifed.
Fbe advantages, which France has now over us in tbefe concerns, are not however jo well fe- cured, that we foould defpair of being able, in time, to wrefi them out oj her hands: for where the mechanical part, either as it depends on machines or manual dexterity, is in quefeion, we have given on all occafions the proojs of fuperior ' abilities t. and whenevery theref ore, the improvement
of fâney and propriety in the deßgmng of models and patterns J bau te fi far advanced here, as to put us neatly on a level with ber in tbqfb peints, w JbaU fion become as formidable a ri* val to her, in what fbe now confident her pccu- fiuro, as Jbe has in a parallel maimer been before to us, in the woollen trade, from our advanced price of labour .
‘the meafures, by which this very defir able end may be attained, confift of three particulars: the founding a well regulated academy, where not only youth and novices may have an opportunity of being well initiated in the principles o/'defign j bat where even artifis tbemjehes may have the mans of and indueement to further ftudy, in order to theJlrongeß exertion of their genius ; —the créât* ing Jueh incitements, by pecuniary rewards or honorary dtfiinclions, to exeel in thefe arts, and more ejpecially in the application of them to the perfecting thofe manufactures, to which they bave any relation, as may fiimulate the more indolent, am raije greater emulation among the forward, to apply their utmofipowers to excel',—and the dißußng a more general and accurate knowledge of thofe fecondary or auxiliary arts that are re* quijite to the fraClifing dcfign j or to the execution tf works dépendant on it. l’he firß of thejè means, viz. the eïeCting an academy of arts, we muß hope, when the government, Jhall be freed from toé embarraßing concerns of a war, will be thought an objeB worthy their notice and care ; fince it is too apparent, from the failure of the attempts already made, that nothing eßcStual
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lours, from the fordidnefs and ignorance of the fews, and other low people concerned in the preparation of them, is a di(advantage oj the high - eß moment to fuch as paint, even with the great- eß Jkill, either in oil or water, and what they can find no appofite remedy againfi without fome aid of this kind. For, as the preparation of colours is kept a fecret in the hands of thoje few who manufacture them, either here or abroad\ and confequently is very little known to modem painters •, and a much greater pare of knowledge in natural hifiory, experimental philofophy, and chemifiryy is requiredy to the tmderfianaing the nature of the fimples, and principles of the com- pofition, in a fpeculative light, than is confifient with the fiudy of other fubjebts more immediately neceffary to an artiß ; there remains no means of furmounting this difficulty, but by being fuppliedy by fome perfon, whofe application could be more properly directed to the attainment of this fciencey with fuch a fyßem of the theory and practice of every thing relating to the Materia FiCloria, as may enable them either to prepare the colours tbemfehesy where not to be otherwife obtained perfect j or to judge critically with fome certainty of the goodnejs of fuch as they procure from others. This I have therefore attempted on their behalf: and I hope not in vain j as not only a general acquaintance with the practice of the feveral branches of the chemical art, but a very large experimental inquiry into the nature of tkef 'e Jubjetls in particular, form my pretenfions to fome knowledge of them.
As
As the depravity of the manner of preparation has dtfo extended itfelf to the very priming of cloths for grounds of painting* (a work truji- ed too neglectfully at prefent to the care of colour men), from whence great inconvenience to the fainter and detriment to the pictures* are produced* I have fuhjoined a method* by which tbofe* who are really in earnef about the merit of their performances* may procure cloths to be made without either Jlijfening, cracking* or cashing (as it is called,) the colours to fink in: and* as this has an apparent utility with rejpeCt to painters in the cafe of new pictures yfb the improvements offered in the methods of cleaning* preferring* and mending, thofe of older date* are not kfs obvioifly beneficial to others poffeffed of former works. 'The art of cleaning pictures being indeed of the utmofl confequence to the in- terejt of tafte: as no lover of the polite arts can refieCl* without the utmofl regret* on the vaft bavock made in the works of all the great majlers* by erroneous and faulty management in this point*
A complete fyftem of the theory and practice of enamel painting forms the next article: the value of which will be befl underftood by thofe* for whofe ufe it is intended: for as this art is of' late introduction among us, and the manner of conducting it, with refpeCi to the preparation and compofition of the colours* fluxes, and grounds* has been carefully concealed in the places abroad where it has been longer ejlablifhed, a very fmall Jhare of kno wledge in the preparation of the colours,
iburs, and jet left f that of the grounds andfluxes* is the whole hitherto gained by the artifis of this country: who are mojlly obliged to employ a •white enamel prepared at Venice for their ground \ to pick up the remains of a kind ofglafs formerly made there for a fiux\ and to procure the comers, either in a more ferf ell or faulty flate as they can meet with them, except in the cafe of theft who have recipes for feme kinds which they prepare, but with that precarioufnefs of the qualities, that attends the mindly following re- cipes, without any comprebenflon either of the general properties of the ingredients, or principles of the operations. From which eircumfiances,
uncertainties in the juccefs and embarraffments in the work are the frequent refult as well from a want of undemanding the nature of the fuhftances they vfe-y as the not being able to procure what is good of each kind, or fit for their particular pur-
Fhe q/flfting in the cultivation of the - art of enamelling here was indeed one principal objeU of the defign of this book: as, that art is very materially interefling to us at prefent being - become the bqfls of a manufallure, from which we may escpeli great advantages \ fince we already fie it carried fuddenly to fucb a degree of per- feUion with refpell to the facility of working, as to raifi a demand for the produce in foreign markets \ notwithjlanding the long praHice and cheap living of the people of Geneva, who bad been in pojjefflon of this branch of commerce
fir a considerable time, gave them origindlly thé greateft advantages in it over us.
'The painting on glafs with vitreous colours is not a matter of equal importance with enamelling : but, as it is confdered as one of the arts of which the myftery is at prefent lojl to us, (though, on the contrary, being in faB nothing more than painting with transparent enamel colours on glafs grounds by much the fame methods, the modem improvements made in the art of enamelling home given us an equal fuperiority in this,) I thought it a neceffary part of the work ; and have accordingly entered on an explanation of the whole of it-, availing myfelf, neverthelefs, of its affinity with enamel painting, fo as to refer fir mojl particulars to what was before laid down on that fcore, and inlarge only on fome points in which a difference is found betwixt them. But 1flatter myfelf, that, notwithstanding the brevity of the manner, any perfon may, by a proper attention to what is delivered on this head, eafly make himfelf mafler of every thing peculiar to painting on glafs.
The gilding enamel and glafs by vitreous colours, and annealing, was a neceffary appendage to the art of painting in enamel : but there is yet another ctrcum fiance which made the communication of the heft methods of doing this of fome confequence to the public. It is the great demand now fubftfting for drinking glaffes with gilt edges, which ere moftly, at prejent, either imported from Germany, or fraudulently imitated here by gilding with gum water or ftzes that will not
bear
hear moifure: though, were the means well un- derfood, they might in large parcels, with very little more expence or trouble, be done in toe genuine manner.
'The method of taking off mezzotinto prints on glafs, which makes the next article, is not è matter of any great moment: but, as the prac- tifing it is very alluring, by the production of pictures even without being able to draw, it may be an inducement to fame to apply themfehes to painting and the ftudy of defign j fince tbofe will not long ref fatisfea with this manner of exer- cifng their fancy, who have a genius for greater things.
The art of wajhing maps and other prints, is however of more general ufe: and requires no apology for holding a place in the work.
The devices and mechanical means employed for the more eafly and accurately obtaining outline Jketches of defgns after nature or works of art, which begin the J'ecohd part, are of the greatef affifance and Jervice to all who paint or draw : arid though mof of them are known to artifs of larger experience; yet beginners are to learn them, and mof frequently want an adequate opportunity, on wkofe account therefore- they were necejfary for the anfwering the fall intention of this book; and perhaps even fuch as are moré verfed in thefe matters, may meet with fomething not unacceptable to them in a collection of inventions of this nature, fo copious as that here given.
The
<the methods of cafting in large, which follow in this part, will be much left extenfively ufifid j as it is praBifed only by few j and the managing it in more difficult cafes not eafily reducible to rule: but feme notice of them were wanting to render the fyftem complete; efyecially as they are conneBed, Jo as not to bear .well a fe- paration front them, with tkofe of cafting medals and other [mailer pieces, and the manner of tak- ing off imprejfkm from various fubjeBs j both which are articles of very general utility.
The difplaying the feveral methods of gilding, which is done in the third part, will be founda convenience to numbers, who would occajionally praBife them, if they bad the means in their power: and the application of the art of japanning to fo many purpofes, where a mixture of gilding is required, as the introduBion of papier machè has occafontd lately, makes this communication particularly jtajcnable at prefent.
Silvering and bronzing have ajfb their utility, though in a lefs degree than gilding j and therefore properly claim to follow it: as they are in faB only different applications of the fame means.
Hie knowledge of the methods of japanning is at prefent more wanted than that of any other of thé myfierious arts whatever; as it is now demanded to be praBifed on coaches and other vehicles in a very large and expenfhe way, by thofe who till lately were utter grangers to it. Information fftl ns kind, fach as is intended to be conveyed in the fourth chapter of this part, is in a peculiar manner requijite to them j that they may the more i eafily
eafily and readily execute tbofe defigns they have Jhevon tbemfelves capable of making, (warn fuf- Jicientiy paid to afford the due application,) with a tafie and judgment, that proves them to be not greatly inferior to the French, in tins Jpecies of performance, though Jo lately undertaken by them.
Laquering bad too great an affinity with japan- ning, not to be joined with it in this work; though it is of lejs confequence Having, however, been carried by jome to much greater perfection here, than in any other country, even to the rivalling gilding in its ejfeft, the communicating the befi compofitian of laquer to numbers, who are either compelled to purchafe what they ufe of particular perjons that have the fecrets of preparing it, or to employ a very inferior kind of their own frodu&ion, is not without fitch advantages, as may make it to be properly con- jittered as one means of improvement in the more elegant manufactures.
The means of'plaining paper, parchment, wood, ivory, bone, bom, and Jlones of any kind, with all the variety of colours, make the laf contents of this work j and will, I hope, for purpofes of real ufe as well as amujement, be found agreeable to many. Their greatefl relation to the arts of dejign ties, however, in the article of faining ftonesj from the frequent occafons fatuaries, and others who work in marble and alabafer, have to give artificial colours to them: the method off doing winch, in a more perfeSl manner, is, nc- verthekjs, known to very few at prefent.
Tbefe .
Thefe are the particular topicks of inftruSlion by which this book is intended to promote the improvement of the arts, and the more curious kinds of manufactures: and excepting engravings etching, and fcraping mezzotintos, they comprehend moß JubjeCls that have any immediate relation to them : though fome are touched upon in a more copious, and others only in a brief manner, according to the importance of the matter, or the room given for an advantageous in- largement on it.
’The articles of engraving and etching, especially as far as regards the compoßtion and application of the two kinds of varnijh or ground, and the refpeBive forts of aquafortis, did very properly belong to the work; and were originally propofed to have been comprized in it: but in fieking after the latefi improvements, a favourable opportunity offered of procuring fuch a quantity of ufeful matter refpeSling the prefent practice of tbèfe arts in France, where they have been much more cultivated than here, as would, without fuppreßing fome valuable part, have fwelled the volume beyond the expedient bulk j and in- hanced the price of it in fuch a manner, as might have frußrated in fome degree thé end of the publication of it; by preventing its reaching the hands of many of the lower artifans, for wbofe ufe it was in part intended. It was therefore judged more proper to referve what was propofed to have been given on thefe heads, together with feveral other articles that might have been acceptable to particular fets of people, but were of lefs gene- i ral
ral utility, and remoter connection with the principal view than thofe at prefent infertedfor a fupplemental work.
It may probably be imagined, that the ends pro - pofed by this treatife may be anfwered by the writings °f others already publiflxd: as there is more than one book in our own language, winch pretend to plans not greatly different from that on which it is formed j bejides a multiplicity of others that profefs to teach particular arts: but on a clofer examination I am afraid it will by no means be found that all the volumes which have been compiled on thefe heads taken together, and muds lefs any fingle one of the number, have effectually provided the information wanted, or even gone any considerable lengths towards it. One could fcarcely believe, neverthelefs, without having perufed them, that abnojl every book already writ- tenon thefe fubjeCts Jo generally interefing Jhould be egregioujly' defective in matter, form, and veracity; and yet this is almojt equally the cafe of all where they are treated of in a more copious and extenfive manner. But it will appear lefs extraordinary when we find, that the cuthors were for the mofi fart unacquainted in an experimental way with what they took upon them to teach, and not better qualified with any Speculative knowledge that could enable them to judge critically of what tbeyprpcured on the authority of others, and therefore either blindly copied af.erformer writers, or adfedimplicitly fucb additional articles as the reports. of livingperfons they inquired of furnijhed them with, and were perhaps as of ten deceived
a by'
by the defign as the ignorance of tbofe from whom they (ought information-, being themfehes pojjibly not always very follicitous,fo much about the value as the quantity of what they collected.
With reJpeSl to the preparation of painter's colours, Neri, in his treatife on glafs, feems to have laid the foundation for all the colkbtions of recipes of that kind publijhed here; probably from its becoming known by means of Merret's tranjlation, to the writers, wbofe reading was not extenfive enough to lead them to an acquaintance with Birellus, or the pajfages in Matbiolus, Wormius, Cefalpinus, and others who have occafionally touched on this head.
Caneparius in bis book de atramentis gave a more extenfive view of the preparation and compo- fticn of pigments for painting; by adopting what Neri had given, (though be has never quoted hith by name) and adding fever al other particulars omitted by him; as likewife a variety of other practices relating to the arts -, but mixt with many erroneous anafalfe accounts both of the procejfes and the produce of them.
Merret an Englijh phyfician tranjlated Neri into our language, and gave notes upon him: but not having, as appears, the leaf light to direbl him in his opinions, but what bd borrowed from other writers, bis obfervations neither illuftrated nor augmented in any material degree the contents of Neri's book.
Kunkel republijhed in the German language Neri's work with Merrets notes, and bis own obfervations on both: and he alfo inferted as well
there*
there as in bis• other differtations on the art of making glafs, feveral procejfes for the preparation of painters colours much better than thofe of Neri or the others before him j as likemje many other ufeful recipes refpeSling the arts and myftericus trades : but he jeems to be the only writer, who has treated tbefe fubjefts in a more diffufive manner, that was experimentally converfant with what he undertook to teach.
After this Salmon in bis Polygraphices took upon him to give inftrublions for the pra£lice of almoft all the arts and myfterious trades: and by the affiflance of the former writers, and private information, got together a larger body of matter refpebling tbefe fubjeSls than any before him bad done : his colleflion would indeed have bad confderable merit at the time it was publijhed, if the valuable parts bad not been confounded with Jucb a heap of abfurd fluff and falfities as rendered every paffage JuJpicious j and dijpofed in a manner fo void of all order and method, that (an - index being wanting likewife,) it was impraSlica* ble, without turning over and carefully examining a great number of pages, to find any article required j though feveral are repeatedfour or five times over in different places: which difficulty of finding what was wanted, and uncertainty whether what might be found would prove a juft account of the matter, or fame extravagant blunder or impofition, difcouraged thofe who might have profited by many of his recipes and infractions, from feeking any affifiance from him in matters of a more nice or uncommon nature.
a 2 But
But this conduct in digeßing with fo little care, and debafing with impertinencies and faljhoods, the proper matter of that work is no great ground of wonder in the cafe of a writer, who, after he found this book met with a good reception from the public, was capable of conffiring with book- f tilers to blend a long dtfcourfe of cbiromantical fignatures, or the means of telling fortunes by the lines of the hands, and a mafs of the moß ridiculous nonfenfe that has been written on the phi- lofophers Jlone, with the contents of a treatife profiling to convey a practical knowledge of the ufeful arts, for the fake of enlarging the volume, in order to raife the price, under pretence that • valuable additions had been made to the work.
The laß performance of this kind was pub- lißxd under the affuming title of the School of Arts: from which name one might have hoped, if not for a complete fyßem of knowledge of this‘ kind, at leaf for fomewhat better than the earlier writers bad produced: efpecially as many amendments of the former praBice, as well as the introduBion into ufe of feveral important inventions, bad furnijhed much ampler matter. But the author inflead of Jhunning their errors, or availing bimfelf of the advantages the prejent ßate of things gave him over them, adopted with great augmentation all the defeBs and faults of tbofe who bad gone before him j and formed his work on a plan that deprived him of all opportunity of profiting of the greater advance towards perfeBion of the modem praBice.
2 For,
For, being.a German, (as I conje&ure from, bit manner of changing the Englijh idiom), be Jeems to have conceived, that nothing could be added to the labours of bis countrymen: and has, therefore, with refpeB at leaf to thofe topics be has touched upon in common with this work, confined bimfelf to tranjlating and compiling from Kunkel, and other Germans; who being of older date could not fupply him with the im* provements and inventions of the prefent time. In confequence of which conduft, obfolete and in- fujficient methods are taught, infiead of the modem and effeBual: and many of the mojl material articles wholly omitted; as, in the inflance of gilding, ad the itfiruSlions are confined to metalsand with regard even to them, relate only to means now exploded: and many important matters firifffy connected with his plan; are not once mentioned in the book $ while others of much lefs confequence, as the method of chryfldJlizing filver under the re- femblance of a tree, are repeated four or five times aver. Like Salmon, be gleaned alfb together all the extravagancies be could lay bold of, in order to increafe the fize of the work to the bookfeUers unreafonable fiandard: and therefore injerted in his firfi volume, a mofi prepoflerous and tying account of the breeding filk worms by putrefied veal, and producing firange ferpents by equivocal generation i and in bis fecond volume, a differtation on the catching, breeding, feeding, and teaching nightingales, which takes up fix- teen pages} with a multiplicity of other fucb a 3 wretched
wretched abfurdities in both, as greatly difgrace the title of School of Arts j and conduce indeed from their having been Jo often admitted into them, to make works of this kind in general contemptible. But what is flill mojl unhappy in the cafe of this author, he appears neither to have under food the language be tranjlated from, nor that he wrote in: from whence the recipes and objervations he has given are fo ill delivered, by his mijlaking tbe fenfe of technical terms, and putting the name of one thing for another, with refpeSl even to Jubflances, as, together with the alterations he has had the vanity to make in Phem, from the manner they were given by thofe he took them from, according to bis own grofs mtfcon- ■ccptions, render them f requently unintelligible; and not to be depended upon in many infiances.
The pretenfions of the ofientatiom works, the Cyclopedias, and Encyclopedias, and other fucb Dictionaries, have not been, however; much more made good than thofe of the School of Arts: for indeed it is furprifing how jhamefully Jtlent tbeje books, which profefs to comprehend every thing relating to fubjeCls of this kind, are with refpeSl to mofi of the ejfential articles-, even thofe where the writings of others had they been indu- ' flrioujly confulted, would have furnijhed what was required: nor is the French Dictionary now publijhing, in the leafi an exception to this; for, on examining it, in order to have informed my- felf of the methods praSlifid by the French with refpecl to certain particulars in which they excel, I was furprijed to find\ that, in fotne cafes,
every
every thing concerning them was intirely omitted•* and in others* recipes* or other paffages* taken from jbme of the old books with the moft injudicious choice* fuppUed the place of the juft account of the improved methods obtained from the able/l praBitioners of the feveral arts* which, in the propofols for this work* were promifed to have been given. There is, among many others, a glaring inftance of this in the article Carmine; which pigment* being prepared at Paris in much greater perfeSlion than any other place at pro- fent* and of the greatejl confequeme in painting with water colours* was well worth the attention of the compilers of this work: but, inftead of any account of the modern and efficacious practice <f the preparation of carmine* which is not moreover a fecret in the hands of a jingle perfm* but. known to feveral who make it together with other colours* all* that is inferted on this bead* conffts of three recipes taken from the old writers; two of which contains only directions for doing what will be barren of any ufeful produbl j and the other a bad procefs taken from Kunkel for making lake of Brazil wood, which is, neverthelefs* praifed as the communication of an excellent method of making carmine. I was indeed difappointed in my expeSlations from that work* with relation to this important article j as it has never been in my power to difcover by experiments* or procure by information* the knowledge of the means of preparing carmine of equal goodnefs with that of the French: but chufe much rather to acknowledge my ignorance a 4 /«
in this foint, than, like the preceding writers, to cbtrude abfird and fruit lefs procejfes on the fublic, in the place of the proper and effectual.
1 am jenfble, I run fome hazard of a retaliation, in canvafjtng thus freely the performances of others; fince doubtlefs my own is not exempt from errors and defects. But I thought it a hecefjary vindication of theje kinds of writings, end (f try own undertaking in particular, to fkew, that the caufe of the difregard or even contempt, in which the greatejl parts of the books of this kind are held by the more judicious, did net crife from the nature of the fubjeCt, but the faulty manner of treating it-, through the inefficiency and venality of the authors. And with refpeft to my own mifearriages, I am fo little ccnfcicus of having occafoned them, either by neg- iff, cr a mercenary conduct, that I am not in the leaf diffident of trufing my work to the can- deur of the impartial, who will excufe fome tnif- tekes and cmifions, which in taking fo great aJcope of fubjeCt it is almcft impoffible to avoid, on the fcot e of fo many ufefui articles as will be found to be inferted: for, with refpeCt to the far greatejl part, 1 con vouch them to be autbentick and jufl, either from my own experiments and chfervati'.r.s, the information of perfbns of undoubted veracity who have praCtiJed them, or clear deductions from unquflionable principles.
CON-
CONTENTS.
P ART I.
Of the Materia Piâorià : or the ture, preparation* and life of a^. the various fubftànces employed in painting.
CIÎAP. I.
O
F the fubftancfcs- ifl general tiled in
painting. - >
CHAP. It.
Of colours.-
SECT. I. Of colours in general. p. 3
S È C T. II. Of the utenfls, inftnâhtnts, &c.
fubfervient to the making, and preparing co-
lours. ia
SECT. III. Of the general operations fub-
fervient to the making or preparing colours. 39
I5ECT. IV. Of tee nature, and preparation
of particular colours. 4a
CHAP.
CONTENTS.
CHAP. III.
Of the vehicles, dryers, and other fubftances, ufed in painting, for the laying on and binding the colours.
SECT. I. Of the vehicles^ dryers, &c. in
general'. p. 134
SECT. II. Of oils in general. 139
SECT. III. Of particular oils. 144
SECT. IV. Of particular dryers. 147
SECT. V. Of the fubfiances ufed for rendering •water a proper vehicle for colours. 154 SECT. VI. Of the fubjtances ufed to render
fpirit of wine a vehicle for colours. 158
CHAP. IV.
Of the manner of compounding, and mixing the colours with their proper vehicles, for each kind of painting.
SECT. I. Of the colours proper to be ufed •with oils.', and the manner of compounding and £ 'mixing them with the oils and dryers. 162
SECT. II. Of the colours proper to be ufed in painting in miniature, or with water; with tberqanner of mixture, or compofition of them,
' with their proper vehiclesi 166
'SECT.* III. Of the colours fit to be ufed in frefco, or painting withfize-, and the manner "of mixing and compounding them with the proper vehicles. 174
* SECT.
CONTENTS:
SECT. IV. Qf the colours proper to be ujed in vamijh painting j and the manner of mixing and compounding them with the proper vehicles. p. 176
CHAP. V.
Of the nature and preparation of paftils or crayons.
CHAP. VI.
Of the grounds for the feverai kinds of painting.
SECT. I. Of the grounds for oil painting. 201
S E C T. II. Of the grounds for water colours. 20 5
SECT. III. Of grounds for frefco painting. 207
SECT. IV. Of the grounds for vamijh painting. 208
CHAP. VII.
Of the methods of varnifhing and preferring pictures and paintings. 208
CHAP. VIII.
Of mending and cleaning pictures and paintings.
SECT. I. Of mending piflures. ,216 S E C T. II. Of cleaning pictures and pointings. 218
CHAP.
CONTENTS
CHAP. IX.
Of the nature, preparation, and ufe, of the icverul fubflonces employed in enamel painting.
S K C T. I. Of the general nature of enamel painting. p. 228
SEl'T. II. Of the apparatus > orfet of uten- fhfr the preparing ami laying cn tbe grounds anil a'burs in enavtel painttrig. 233
8 K C T. III. Of the general r:at.\rey andep- pHeatiiVi ef tlv J:..yanees hied is: e-:.:sne! pa.:;:t~ i with ti\ priceless pnpa^atiet. 245
SEC T. IV. Oftbe ee’"pe\nd:-gs::Jprepar- i w the faxesetus&'l t y. 271
SE C l'. V.
CONTENTS.
SJ2 C T. I. Of the general nature of painting on glafs with vitreous colours. p. 309
S E C T., II. Of glafs, as a ground for painting wtb vitreous colours, or by burning. 311 SECT. III. Of the fluxes and colours to,be ufed in painting on glafs by burning. 313
SECT. IV. Of the tHamur of laying the colours on glafs grounds, and burning them. 34 8
CHAP. XL
Of gilding .enamel and glafs by burning. 320.
CHAP. XII.
Of the taking off mezzotinto prints on glafs j and painting upon them with oil, or varnifh colours. 323
CHAP. XIII.
Of colouring or wafhing maps, prints, &c. 327
PART II.
Of the feveral arts ufed in making outline Sketches of defigns from nature, or debited reprefentations,; and of the mean?» of'taking calls, and impreflions, from fi- >gures, bulb, medals, leaves, &c.
CHAP.
CONTENTS.
CHAP. I.
Of the devices employed, for the more ealily obtaining a juft outline in making defigns from nature; and the various methods of tracing, calking, >and reducing pictures, prints, or drawings. P’331
CHAP. II.
Of the means of taking cafts, and impreftions from figures, bulls, medals, leaves, &c. 349
PART III.
Of gilding, filvering, bronzing, japanning, la- quering, and the ftaining different kinds of mbftances with all the variety of colours.
CHAP. I.
Of gilding.
SECT. I. Of gilding in general, , 367
SECT. II. Of the infirumentSy •which are common to the oily burntjhy and japanner s gilding. 370
SECT. III. Of the manner of oil gilding; •with the preparation of fat oil, 372
SECT.
CONTENTS.
- SECT. IV. Of bumijh gilding ; with the preparation of the properfzes, &c. p. 377 SECT. V. Of japanner s gilding. 384
SECT. VI. Of gilding paper, and vellum
or parchment. 390
SECT. VII. Of gilding leather. 398
SECT. VIII. Of gilding glafs •without annealing or burning. 399
CHAP. II.
Of filvering.
401
CHAP. III.
Of bronzing. 494
CHAP. IV.
Of japanning.
S E C T. I. Of japanning in general. 406
SECT, lit Of japan grounds. 410
SECT. III. Of painting japan work. 421 SECT. IV. Of vamijhingjapan work. 423 SECT. V. Of gilding japan work. 428
CHAP. V.
Of lacquering.
428
l
CHAP.
CHAP, VI.
pf Gaining woot^-^ivory, bone, and horq,—*• ,. paper, and parchment,—alabafter, marble, and other ftones, of yaripus colours.
SECT. \. .Offtaining wood. P* 434 SECT. II. Offtaining ivory, born, or bone,
441
SECT. III. Of ftaining paper, or parchment of various colours. 445
SECT. IV. Of ftaining alabafter, marble, and other ftones, of various colours. 447
ADVERTISEMENT.
\
J
F any word occur in the contents of the follow-ing pages, which may not beipnderftopd by the reader; on confulting the index, a reference .will be always.found to fome place-where it is fully explain- ed: this work being.intended, along with other pur-poies, to anfwer that of a gloftary to -the -technical words and expreflions, relatiqg to the.fubjedU'treated of, peculiar to painters and other artifts.
PART