Obfervations on the Author.
ROfichiero, whereof thus, Port lib. 6, cap. 9. But the more skilful and mo¬dern Glafs-men in colouring Enamels of a clear Rofe-colour (the common people call it Rofachiero) take not a little pains, feeing our Anccftors made it Artificially and beautifully.
Chap. 37. Author advifeth yon to J make your Aqua-fortis, &c. your felf', and good reafon for it, for one pound of common Aqua fortis upon my reite¬rated experience fhall yield but four ounces of good Spirit, the other 1 2 ounces will be phlegm <ƒ Vitriol. This addition of white Arlnttk in the making of Aqua-fortis, / find in the Lady Ifabella CoruSc printed at Venice/# Italian 18 years before the publication of this work. Many are the compofitions of this water, but Nitre is the principal operative ingredi-dient in them all. Aloft make it of Vitriol, fome of Englifh Copperas which ferves for com¬mon ufes, and for Bow-dies (though made of Dantzick Copperas would be better for that ufe ) for this the refiners ufe finding a dirti- nefs from our Englifh, fome add alum in- fiead of Vitriol, but that yields at beft but a weak phlegm, Others have made efi ay S with Sal gemm, but they found that this Salt affords no Spirit, dut (ticking to the neck of the re¬tort, titinders the paft age of the Spirits and breaks the veffels. when the red fumes are paft al! the Spirits of Nitre are raifed, and then the fire is to be extinguijhed, for after followeth onely the Spirit of Vitriol, which hindered) the operation of the Spirit of Nitre towards the folution of metals. I have often feen finp ular good parting water drawn by the refiners twice in 24 hours, in which time* with their fire, not much of the Spirit of Vi¬triol could arife, which required) commonly diree days with the ftrongeft fire can be made for the two laft days to draw off both the Spi¬rit, and ponderous oyl from it, though the vo-latility of the Nitre in Aqua-fortis may help to raife them. One thing our Author emitted) though very neceffary to be done before the Aqua-fortis ic ufed, praettfed conftantly by the refiners/refiners, elfe their waters will be foul, the man¬ner is thus , as you have it in Beg.Tvrocin. Chym. c. 3. Fake of the diftil d water and put into it a peny weight of refined fil¬ver, and diflolve it upon coals , then pour this filver water into three parts more of the unfined Aqua-fortis which will become of a milky co¬lour,then they let it fettle, and decant off the clear, this fetli ng the refiners call the fixes', and cast it into a tub of water of 20 ga'tons , all which it will in a moment turn to a milk colour.
I know a refiner- who defiilleth bis Aqua-fortis out of an Iron pot, which he finds to make a fironger water, befides the great charge in pots and fire faved, you may fee the way in the com¬mentator otfBvguin.
Chap. 40. A JOu need not charge your A- j[ qua-Regis with fo much Sal
Armoniac as it will diflolve, one ounce and a half to a pint is fufficient. I wonder at Bcguins way of making this water, who diftills the Salt¬peter and Sal Armoniac together, but experi¬ence hath taught me that half the quantity of Aqua-Regis, wherein Sal Armoniac hath been diffolved, will do as much as neer double the quantity of that wherein it hath been di¬ftill d, Aqva-Rcgis onely blacks filver, but 'twill/'twill /lowly diftolve very thin plates of Copper and Tin, as Aqua-fortis will corrode Leaf- Gold. But if you draw oft the water when it hath diftolved Gold, then 'twill fall upon Silver or other metalls.
Chap, 42. 'T’ ways of making Calci- 1 donies, Jafpers and Agats feems to be the fame with making marbled paper defcribed exactly by Kirch. L 10. dc luce & umbra par. 2. c.4. and tranferibed by Sclott. par. i.L 5. Chrom. 9. the way whereof is, that feveral colours are diftolved in feveral liquours proper to diftolve them, and are fuch as will not readily or not all mix one with another, when put into water, before they are caft upon the Paper to receive this va¬riety of colours. And fo in like manner va¬riety of materials being mixed together, and fuch as will not incorporate each with other, muft steeds give various and difiind colours to the metal. Alary experiments might be given of tinged liquours, that put into the fame Glafs, Would keep their diftinft ftations and colours, nay though tl.e liqueurs were agitated and con¬founded., they would each return to their proper place and ftations. Jn the preparation of thefe Ojadppits// fhall obferve firft, that all tie colouring Otfcrvsiior.scn the Aud cr. 3:3 colouring jr.attrials, though not all their prepa¬rations are ufed in each of the thee ways, viz. Zaffer, Manganefe, silver, Steel, Smalts and Lead. Secondly, the greater variety of ingredients, makes the letter Caktdcny >/er the pr(l is more fimple than the fecond, and the fecond 'ban the third, and cur Author com¬mends the laß before the feccnd, and that before the firfi. Thirdly, that fome ingredients there are in each of them which contribute no co¬lour at all to the metall, fuch ere Tartar, Scot, Sal Armoriac, Mercury. Fourthly, that fome of them are of an unfluous na¬ture , as Lead, Scot, Tarter and Smalts, which may hinder the union of the materials one with another, which appears by this, that they do part one from another, and therefore the metall being taken when it begins to grow cold, will then fi;ew fome waves, and divers colours very fair, chap. 42. A great deal of Art there is in working the metall at a due heat, and in the manner alfo, and in this latter much of Art lyeth as it doth alfo in marbling Paper.
Porta teacheth how to colour Glafs with va¬rious colours, this he found out by chance, when he was making other ttyals. Calcined I in takes away/away the perfpicuous colour of Glafs and va- rioufly colours it, for when 'tis fprinkled by turns on Glafles pohftjed with the wheel, and expofed to a kindled fire, it colours them vari- oufly and renders them darker, for one part be¬comes (lone, the other is varioufly coloured that ’twill feem an Opal. But you muft often take them cut of the fire, and fit them till you have your wiflj.
Here and in many other places our Author tells you that Glafs may be wrought into any fhape. I fliall for the Readers delight fet down the moft curious I have met with. Card. I. io. c. 52. dc varictare faw a Cart with two Oxen 1 which was covered with the wing of a Fly,
Agric. 1. 12. de re Metall, faw Moran living Creatures ftTreeS and Ships, and many other famous and admirable works. At aft er Howel, pag. I9*fiw a complete Galley, with aH her Mafts, Sails, Cables, Tackling, Prore, Poop, Fore'Cajlle, Anchors, with her long Boat, all made out in Cryftall Glafs, as alfo a man in armor. Worm, had in Mulaso, little ftatues of Glafs, both of men, and other things. The moft beautiful Church of Saint Mirk at Ve¬nice, adorned within with Mofaic work, re- preferring feveral holy bifiories with fit co-
Observations on the Author. 315 and covered in some places with Chap. 48. Ort. 1. 6. c. 5. wakes this Amethist colour with a Drachm of Manganese to each pound of Metall.
Chap. 49. Orta for the Saphyre, adds two Drachms of Zaphar to a pound of met all, and the longer (saith he) they continue in the fire, the brighter the colour will be, you must continually mix them.
Chap.58. Eep Reed in the original.
rosso in corpo, whereof thus, Imper. 1.4. c. 1. haver corpo dic quelli colori che coprono e sono senza transparenza, non havere corpo dicono quelli c' hanno trasparenza. The Painters say those colours have body which are close, and without transparency, and those not to have body which have transparency.
Chap. 61. Lass of Lead, 'tis a thing unpractised by our Furnaces, and the reason is, because of the exceeding brittleness thereof. The whole Art of calcinin Lead, Lead, to glafe their ware withall being tlx principal thing wherewith that glaflng is made, if fufficiently known and profit fed dayly by tlx Potters. And could this Glafs be made as tough as that of Cryftallinc twould far furpafs it in the glory and beauty of it's colours, of which no man can be ignorant, that hath had any expe¬rience of thif Metall. That experiment of K irchcr eafily to be tryed & with inconsiderable charge will evince thif,thus he, 1. i. de luce & umbr. par. 3. c. 5. If you heat with live coals Quick-filver congealed with the vapor of Lead in a Brafs-fpoon, there will foon ap¬pear to you in the melted fluff fo great variety of colours, that no greater can be conceived in the world, infomuch that none of thofe which are call'd apparent colours may be compared with them• / remember that trying the re-dufiion of Lead from Ccrufs, by fetting it over the fire, had by putting an Iron fijarp pointed into it a conflderable quantity of a moff brittle matter, not tranfparcnt, but adorn¬ed with moft beautiful colours of Blew, Green and Yellow, though the later over-ruled bod the former, and fome grains of Lead. I alp caft fome Brimftone into melted Lead which became of the faireft skie colour that ever I faw, with the intermixture of other colours with the Blew, and ihofe colours not fading out now continuing for thefe 12 years paft, Libav.de tranfniur. met. 1. 7. c. 20. faith, that the melters, and tryers of metals daily change Lead into Glafs, and that this Glafs is black, Red, Yellow, or otherwife coloured, as the calcined Lead is handled, or .ts Lead is cakin'd into Lytharge, Cerufs or Minium. Quercet, in Hermet. med. detens. cap. 9. affirms he faw with his own eyes, a Ring made of Glafs of Lead, which infufed in wine a night was a per pet u A Purgative, The like variety may be obferved from Bifmutum or Tin glafs AS Libar. Syntag. Arcan.l. 6. c. 4. Lead returning into it’s body, breaks out the bottom of the pots. Lead can hardly be fo well calcin'd, but fome particles thereof will remain uncalcind, which the heat of the furnace reduceth to Lead again, the fame was faid ©ƒ Cerufs before, and the like you flail find in Minium , the higheft calcination ufed thereof. Now the caufe why it breaks out the bottom of the pots feems to be, that receiving there a new calcination, and clofing with it's unfinofity, and body the pores of the pots, it hinders the pal]ages of the pie into the me¬tall , which impeded, converts all it's force upon the clay, whereof tl e pots arc made, and by farther calcining it must necessarily make holes in them; Now that Lead doth sink into, and not as other metals continue melted on the surface of the pots 'tis manifest by the refiner tests, and Gold-smiths copies, which shew by their colour and weight, what body they have received into them, and by their remelting and reduction of the Lead. 'Tit true the tests
do imbibe some Silver, and therefore they re¬melt them in the great heat of the Almond Furnaces, and no doubt the same happens to the coples, though the Essay Masters of the Tower strongly assert the contrary against the importers of Bullion, But the Essay Ma¬
sters at Gold-smiths-hall do gain Silver from these copies by melting them down. But in this case some minute parts of Sillier onely get in¬
to the tests and copies by the mediation of the Lead alone, since Lead is used in both refi¬ning and Essays. But Silver alone nor other metall will at all sink into the test. Another reason of this Accident, may be that the Lead insinuating it's self into the pores of the pots,
and continued there in fusion, will by getting farther and father by it's weight into the bottom of the pot at last run oat and then leave holes for the metall t o follow.
Our Author mentions not a Jacinth from Glafs of Lead, nor Glafs of Tin, nor of Cop¬per. Bapt. Port, fupplies you with the firft, 1.6. c. 7. in thefe words, To make a very Jacinth, and not much differing from the true one. Put Lead in earthen pots that are very hard in a Glafs Furnace, and there let it ftand fome days, and thus your Lead is turned into Glafs, and imitates the colour of the Jacinth.
1 and of the fecond lb. c.9. Melt a pound of Tin in an earthen pot that will bear the fire, let it ftand in the Glafs furnace three or four days, then take out it, and break the vef- fel, and on the furface you fhall find a Glafs of a muddy Saffron colour, and if it ftand longer in the fire ’twill become more verfeX. Neither know we any more perfeX in this kind of many we have tryed. But you muft put it into the pot well powdered, wherein you muft ufe not onely Mortars and Mills, but the Por- pbyric-ftonc , if you would have it lighter, dilute it by adding Glafs. Another way refer¬red for his friends is this , let there < e nine parts of calcined Tin,Lead, two of Cinnabcr, of Ferretto of Spain, and of Tartar one part and a half, of Lap. Lhma- titis or Blood-Ilonc, one part, Red-ochre 4 quarter*
320 Obfervations on the Author. quarter, eh as thou I noweft. His Glafs from Capper, 1. 6.c. 7. is this, Diftolve Silver in a ftroKi\ Aqua-fortis j rize/j eu/Z it into thewa* ter, Copper-plates, to which the Silver will ftick, which gather and dry, then fet it in the Glafs furnace, and 'twill be turn'd into an Emerald r# few days. 1 commit to you the tryal of other metals, ’tis enough for me to have fearched out and /hewed the way.
Chap. 72. ff5 Lew Smalts for Painters.
l/j l cannot find the compofition hereof in any writer, but 1 have been informed by an hone ft workman in Glafs, that 'tis made of Lifter,and Pot-afhes calcind together in a furnace, made like that for Glafs , and that he wrought it in Germ my. But of this, and all other natural and artificial colour in a treatife defigned on this fob} eft.
Gold hinders the rifing of the Metall.
And fo doth a little Oyl, or Tallow, thrown in¬to a Copper of boyling Su jar, hinder it s run¬ning over into the ftre, though it rife with the greateft fury.
Chap. 74. 'V'*H*5 wal °F cotouring Cry- flail, teacheth the true and natural way, whereby Opals, Agats, Jafpers, Chryfolites, Cacs-eyes, Marble, &c. Re¬ceive/ceive their variety of colours, they have in themfelves, to wit, from exhalations of Mine¬rals, fupervening to the pracexiftcnt fubftance of the jlone, as here the colours of Orpiment, &c. raifed and driven by the heat, penetrate the body of the Cryftall, and give it this va¬riety of colour. Now if the matter of the flone being flrft in liquid form, and therefore capable to receive a tincture, have for it's ma¬trix or womb fuch a place, whence fl/nple exba- tions proceed, the colour is flngle and unnvxt, but if manifold, then the tincture o f the (tones becomes correfpondent to the diverfity of the colours ariflng therefrom. And this appeart to be true, by what is frequently obferved in larger transparent flones, part whereof will ba coloured with their natural colour, and part void of all colour, but (imply tranfparent like dee. So that the whole flone may well be refeno- bled to frozen water, to that part whereof which was flrfl frozen an accefsion of colour was made, and none to the other part. Which may be feen more frequently in Amechifts than in other gems* though many other Jewels afford the like * fome having in fome part a co¬lour* and fome others wholy without any, or elfe the feveral parts tinged with diverfity of co¬lours, . ;
Y Chap. nnHe knowledge to imitate X Emeralds, &c. There's no-thing of value, but fome way hath been found to 'Sophifticate it. And finee the counterfeiting of Jewels with exaXnefs, would bring more profit to- the inventer , than any other adulteration what foever, and perhaps with no' real lofs to mankind, but great advance, as fome Chymifts affirm,and therefore not punifoable by any law I 'know of ttnlefs in the Gold-fmith who will warrant the counterfeit for true* ’tis no won¬der that many means have been to this end and purpofe ufed by pafts, doublets and'foils, or co-louring the bottom of them , and various other compofitions , and artifices * whereof this of tfur Author feems the-moft genuine and natu¬ral. Of the fraud in Doublets, Eerant.Imper. >? 2O. c. 14. gives this relation. A jeweller of Milan fold ah Emerald dottblet for 9000 Duckats , and the fraud was a longtime con¬ceal d.* • • *
The Chymifts have invented a peculiar though barbarous name for thefe pafts , and no where extant but amongft themfelves. They rail them Amaufa , fo Libav. JoanTfaac, but Claubcr. Amaufx,which, whether deri¬ved from Mufaicum (not Mofaicum as Vofsius
Obfervations on the Author. ' 323 Vofsius in his Glolfary, proves at large ) ƒ determine not, though this Etymon be very probable, For MoUick work was made in this manner as Htrmol. Birbarus, defcribes it. Mufivum opus quod vulgo Mufeacum vo- cantj teffu latum lapillis variorum colorum, ex qucis arte compolitis & coagmenratis omne genus imaginum rcdditur. Mofaick Work they call that which was checquerd with flones of divers colours* with which compofed and joyn’d by art, all kinds of refemblances are made. Thefe works were anciently made, with fmall pieces of various Marbles of feveral colours form’d in thefbapes of Animals, and fometimes enchac'd with Gold, as appears by Plin. I. 36* c. n Scnec. Epift. 86. Plilandcr ini. 7.c. 1. Vltruvii mentions the reliques of forne pavements feen by him , wherein Checquer’d Marbles no bigger than fmall Beans did accurately and exprefly imitate in various colours, the effigies of Fifties and other things. But the ufe of coloured Glafs fucceeded the ufe of Marbles, and other flones. Libav. in his Syntagm.faith,the 5aracenical Authors call them terra Saracenica , but he confounds thefe Enamels and Pafts one with the other. ’Tis true thefe two are very neer of kint bat are dtlltng’iifbable by this, that Pafts Y a **
324 Obfcrvations on the Author. are made of Cryftall, prepared and mixed- with fome Glafs, and fo wrought into a tran- fparencie, but Enamels have the bafis from cal¬cin'd lead and tin , which gives them opacity, corporeity and folidity . by reafln of the great quantity thereof mixt with the ingredients. Glauber thinks Furn. P; ilol< p. 1. 4. Pafts were found out by chance by thefe who redu¬cing calcind bodies with a ftrong pre , con¬verted them into Glafs, and adds out o/Tfaac HollandU’', that metalls vitrified and reduc'd yield better and more noble Metalls than thofe which were firft vitrified, to wit, Gold a tin¬sure, filver gold, and copper filver, &c. he faith, noble Glafies might be made of Metalls, could Chryfible be made ftrong enough to hold themy what he faith in many words, concerning the preparation of Cryftall cafting into molds and colours , contains nothing but whafs vulgar.
Chap. 76. T 5 Artm. in praxi Chym.'
"1 hath this peculiar way of preparing Cryftal for making of Jewels. Dif- folve, faith he, in water two ounces of purified fait of Tartar, which moiften with Bcechen- afhes, make thereof balls as big as apples• Dry and burn them in a potters furnace in a co ver¬ed
ed pot, for so the balls will some what melt, and stick one to another, let them then be finely pounded & a Lee made thereof, which congele to a Salt. And in this Lee let the Cry stalls be so often, and so long extinguished, till you can rub them to powder, betwixt your fingers. This being done, let some of the remaining salt be so often purified by solution, coagulation, and calcination, till no feces at all appear in the solution. Take then of purified salt of Tar¬
tar two parts, of the foregoing salt prepared, part one, melt them together. This will re¬
ceive all the colours of the whole world and appears like Oriental gems. Chymical Authors generally prepare Crystall this way, onely some extinguish it in vineger instead of fair water, you may easily know the best way, by the discourse concerning the Glass drops, which is to follow, and doubtless the best way, were to extinguish it often in a Hrong Lee.
The making of these Pasts differs nothing from that of Glass, but that Pasts are made of Crystall prepared, as the other of Crystall metall, the colours in Loth are the same. And therefore Porta calls his Glass tinned with colours, by the names of Amethist, Ruby, &c.
Y 2 Tryal
Tryal would be made with our Englifh Dia¬monds , which are harder and purer than Cryftal.
Chap. 77. TO Oeth. de Boodt, an excel- lent writer upon flones* writes thus of adulterating the Emerald, This may be done feveral ways. The beft is with Cryftall^ Glafs and Flints calcin'd, and melted * if a little quantity of Minium be added to them. So / have made good ones. He fubjoyns , the making of them with burnt Brafs, half the weight of Crocus Martis, boil them fix hours, and let the pot cool of it's felf. If they be well made they will be wholy like thofe that come from America. Garcias ab Horto affirms them to be made fair coloured and very large in Balaguate and Bifnager of larger fragments of glafs pots, T)a\cc\\amp> thinks fome green Jaipcr is to be added to them. Birelli, 1. 8. <■'. 9, 10, &c. gives you the fame compofition with oar Author,where you have many more. An-other of Minium and Copper-fcales,c. 5. like our Authors,Hartm gives feveral ways9 the firft obfeure, and unintelligible with A- nima Luna?, and Soli?, and Cryftall, w/ft; a ■ little Sal Armoniac fixt with lime-, a fecond with tt * ..
Obfervations on the Author. 327 with Minium four ounces * Gryftail prepared one ounce*gold two drachms •* the third with Brafs calcind and powdered fine, mixt with a double weight of Sand for Glafs, and /land¬ing four days in a very strong fire, and half a day more in a ftronger fire. A fourth with his prepared Cryftall mixt with a little Copper, fid herewith a pot half full, fet them at a gentle fire four or five hours, then run them in a ftrong • fire, then take away the fire, and break the por, you fhall find the stuff covered with the fpume of Lead, which break,and a fair Emerald will appear, which he can fed to be broke into pieces, and to be cut to his liking. This fucceeds not always well, for a ferene air if necefiary. Therefore he prepared it in a fore fold quan¬tity, in four feveral pots, and fo with one la¬bour had four diftinX colours one higher than another. For the firft he took of Copper a fcruple, for the fecond two fcruples , for the third one drachm, for the fourth a drachm and a half, and nothing elfe, for otherwife they will not be tranf parent, The fame is to be done with Jacinth and Topaz, with Crocus Martis, and with the Saphyre with Zaffcr.
But in this compofition Mars is wanting to give life and luftre to his Venus. Card.
Y 4 de /de var. 1.X. c. 52. makes this colour of ftones taken out of the river calcin'd to whitnefs, and then mixed and melted with an equal quantity of Minium in a Chryfible, and this muft be twice done to eft e ci this colour, but this way is wholy infignificant.
Ilaac affirms of calcin'd Copperas and • the reft of the Calces, that if they be ground with failed water, and thenwafbed with fair water, both warm, they will have a far better efieft than without thefe wafbings, becoming
thereby more per feci andfufible.
. 1
Seneca Epift. 91. writes Hz«# Democri¬tus invented a way to turn fl<mes into Emerald. And Plin. 1. 37. c. 12. faith, that ways are extant in the writings of the Authors, by what means Emeralds may be coloured from Cryftalh, as alfo other pretious ftones,and per¬haps differs not from the artifice delivered, 1. 3 6.C.2 6. de Vitro obfidiano 5c Myrrhino of many colours.
Chap. S1. TJ Apt. Porta thus adulterates 17 the To pas. He mixeth to every pound of hie tall a quarter of an ounce of Crocus Martis, and a little Minium , and that it may more neatly (hine, adds to each pound three ounces of Minium , but puts in the Mi¬nium after the Crocus. Boodc tranfcnbes this, and adds this alfo of our Author, and then this following,powder tcsuftum, native Cinnaber and Cryftall > and four times as much of Calcined T in, fet them a day in a fire not too (irong, but kept in the fame de¬gree, for the faid powder eafily melts. Birclli proceeds this laß way, onely changed) Cinna¬bcr into Minium, and in the very fame words, fo that Boodc had this fropi him, as the former from Porta. Hartm. and Libav. with three ounces of Ccrufs, and Cryftall prepared half an ounce. The Author of quadrig. Chym. makes Salt of Tin to be the Topaz.
Chap. 82. T)Oi ta thus imitates the Chry- I folite, when you have made a Topas, add a little Brafs, that it may become more Green, for thefe two onely differ in this, that the Chryfolitc floines more neatly, Cla- veus faw filver calcin d two months in a Glafs furnace, the twelfth part whereof became a Citriu Glafs.
Chap.
* * ‘ t a •
i . ' i *• » • 9 • • i ' - •
Chap. 8$. A Saphyre. Glauber makes 2Y this colour with Silver Mar czfae diffolved in Ac\u&-reois, and pre-cipitated with his liquour from Flints.
Chap. 90. A Wonderful Red from ■kw- Gold. The Chymifts with their mcnftruumsprozwz/<? from Gold, a Gold coloured tindure, but I have heard an able Chymift offer* not an unconftderable wager .that he would reduce the full quantity of the Gold within few grains ( which fure muff be loft in the procefs ) when another eminent perfon o f the fame profejfion , had extracted the fulleft promifed Fellow tindure from it. But the condition was not accepted of. Sure I am that Gold diffolved in Aqua-regis, and dr opt upon the skin will colour it with a deep purple colour, I fling fome days* and this folu¬tion poured on a great quantity of water will give it the very fame tindure’* Glauber gives it a fair Saphyre colour* being precipitated with a liquour from Flints. The tindure of filver if not a skie colour, but white* and for it you have alfo the undeniable Authority of Adafter Boyle in his p'jyfiological Effays* pag. 60. aid therefore as f have faid before* r the blew mufi proceed from fome Copper mixt with it.
Granats of Bohemia. Booth de Boodt affirms that thefe Granats from Bohemia keep their colour in the fire, but almofi all others not, and therefore feem the befi for this ufe, but yet the heat of the Glafs furnace con fumes it, though it may perfifi in an ordinary fire.
Chap. 9 r. Akc Ccruis. Our Author de¬livers two ways of making Saccharum Saturni, the one here of Cerufs, the other of Lytharge, Chap. 123. onely in this he calcines the Saccharum, and out of it calcind remakes a new Saccharum. The Chymifts commonly take Minium, fome onely calcin'd Lead, all returns to the fame purpofe, but 'tis obferved that Minium yields a greater quantity of Salt, and good reafon , for that hath had more calcination than any of the other. All make ufe of difiild vtneger alone , but Béguin he fubftitutes in it's place Phlegm of diflil'd vineger , but the commentator well pafieth a deleatur upon it. Two things 1 flail here fet down, the one that ’tis much better and lefs chargeable by far, to pour diflil’d Vineger on new Minium at each time, and not on/on that you have ufed before, for the ebeapnefs of the Minium, and the goodnefs and quanti¬ty of the Saccharum drawn the firft time from the Minium, befides the failing a great deal of Vtneger, this way will advantage the operator much in point of profit. A fecond thing here to be inferted is a new way, I have not met with in any Chymical writer, but invented for my own ufe, which doth readily and in a moment make it,andlam fure'tis rather better than worfe than the ordinary for Chirurgical ufes in which I employ it. The manner of making it is this, Take very thin plates of lead, or rather that which hath been long in Glafs windows, end diflolve it in Aqua-fortis (goo* water neer diffolves as much as it’s own weight) and the drfiolved Lead will foon become a Sac- charutn rz? the bottom of the Glafs. I have in half an hour made a confiderable quantity this way in a fmall glafs fet in fand, and at no great heat, or in a fire fbovel over the fire , or in afhes. And certainly this procefs as more fpeedy fo lefs expenfive, but what this medicine will efiecl in glafs I cannot fay.
Chap. 93. His fixth Book treats of Ena¬mels, which feem to be fo na¬med, becaufe 'tif nfed in annulis in rings, or from/from the Duch word Emailleren or the French Efmailler which comes a maille ma¬cula a fpotai Minfheu , for fo tis laid on. In Latin Encaulton ( that tf burnt in, a Haus> to burn) for fo the Lexicographers render Eucaufton Enamel, Encauffice, the art of Enamelling, Encauftes an Ename- ler. But the Encauftum of the Ancients whereof Vitruv. 1. 7.C. 9. Plin. 1. 35. c.xi. Mart.l. 1. Sec. make mention, was a thing quite different from our Enamelling. Con-cerning which, and the three kinds thereof, fee at large Salmaf. in Solin. who truly concludes his difeourfe , that all this Artif loft. Porta makes a Latin word* of the kalian Smalto, calling them Smalti and Libav. Smalta.
Chap. 94. XTTHite Enamel, a new V V way with Regulus An- timonii , you had before, Libav. & Porta make it.of Calcin'd Lead one part, of cal¬
cin’d Tin two parts* and Glafs the double.
-i.»V ■ - V .
Chap» 95. A Turcois, by Porta with 2Y 2iffar alone.
'* . ■ ' a V.’. •-
*. I • •
»; .".i. .C »4 Vl» *<> *• *
Chap;
Chap. 97. Or a Green Porta takes æs ustum which the common people (saith he) call raminella, and by our Author ramina, Chap. 24. for a deeper co¬lour, and for a lighter, the Scales which fall from the hammers, when the Brass is hammer'd Red hot.
Chap. 100. Lack made by Libav. & Porta with the Purple and Blew colours, meaning thereby Manganese and Zaffer, and is the same with onr Au¬thors, the doses in all of them the same.
Chap. 103. Red by Libav. with Cro¬
cus Martis.
Chap. 108. Lee of Barillia and Lime. Much care is to be had of the Menstruum, this of Lime and Barillia are the best, though pot ashes with Alum, do very well also. I know an Ingenu¬
ous gentleman, who this way hath made all his colours for plants, which he hath drawn to the life in a large volumne of the most beautiful flours of all sorts in their proper and genuine colour. The vertue of pot ashes (which the dyers call ware j is ƒten in their working of \ridico and Woad, neither of which without thefe afhes will yield their tinXure • for the lighteft colours ufe onely a folution of Alum for fironger Salts destroy their colours, as in dying SoapT/k*/, mars the fellow of Weed or Fu- ftick, and in Chap. 4. Tartar will not make Yellow in Glafs.
Chap. ito. y^fHatfocver herb, or flow¬er. The tryal of our Author is good, but jlayning of linnen is a better fign.
The rule given by the Merchant to the Mari¬ners in their inflruRions for forein voyages, is to chaw the plant, and if that colour tinge the fpittle deep ’tis good, otherwife not, and fo with linnen or fine white paper.
7 fhall here give you a catalogue of many plants,See. which give a colour,and confequently are fit to make Lakes of, and firft thofe of the dyers, as Log wood, three forts of Fufticks for Yellows, Green, old and young. Campc- giana and Sylvefter , which are two forts of grains or fmall berries brought from the Weft- Indies, they make a grain colour, though not fo good as Cocbineel, yet they are ufed in fiead thereof. Red-wood , Symacb, Bra- • -A filctto,
336 Obfervations on the Author, filctto, or Sweet-wood , Turmerick, Saf¬flower, that is, Saffron-flower, but not that of the Crocus, but of the Carthamus brought from Italy, Anotto made of the Fucus Ma- rinus Tinctorius,/?^ and greafe,which yields a fair Scarlet. Weed, that is , Genifla Tin&oria, for a Yellow colour.
Others not ufed in dying are Saffron, Pha- langium Tradcfcanti, a very deep and fair Blew. Cyanus an excellent Skie for Dyers. Alga marina Tin&oria diftinS from the former Fucus, both mentioned by Joan. Bau¬hin. Harebels,our Purple Colchicum. A triplex Baccifera a deep Red, Heliotropium in whofe juice rags infuccated make Turn- folc. Blattaria with, a Blew , and alfo with a Yellow flower, and the Convolvulus narrow leafed of America; fome plants have a co¬loured juyce , as the Spurges , Sow-thiftleSj Dandelion, Tragopogon, Periplocas, Ram pions, LetttceS, &c. moft whereof dryed, in the Sun turn Yellowifh (which makes me fuppofe Caniboja maybe the juyce>of fome$$\x%Q.) But Saint Johns and Saint Peters Wort, iWTutfan have a reddifh juyce in their tops. Celandine the greater, and Felfel Alpini give a Teliowifl juyte. T be Berries of many \ ‘ ■ plants, plants, alfo affords colours, as Dwale garden, Night-fhade, the Bryonies, Rufcus, Solo¬mons Seal, Herb Chriftopher, Rasberries, Great-bearing-Cherries , Spina Cervina, the Painters Sap-green, Wall-nuts.Bezctta, Seu Torna fob's Bczcdini of Wor- mius in his Mufeum, 1. 2. c. 34. who thus defcribes it. ’Tis a fine linnen cloath impreg¬nated with a moft Red and Elegant Tindure, But how tis prepared, and what is the way of making it, the doner of it Chriftopher Hcr- fiirt the Apothecary of King Chriftian the fifth knew not. It feems to be the tindure of Red-fanders, wherewith the Cloath is colour¬ed. They ufe it ztfTurnfoIe to colour the body and difhes of meat Red: But this is far neater than that, fit for Cofmeticks, having this pe¬culiar that fteept in water it communicates it's colour thereunto, fcarcely to wine, but in no wife to Spirit of wine , fo far he. I have feen this tindure, but made with Cotton-wool, and 'tis ufed for a Lucus, and common enough with us,and without doubt a ftngular good Lake might be made therewith. Amaranthi, ba* lauftia the feed of Heliotropium tricoccum that at firft rubbing gives a Green, then a Blew , and laftly a Purple as Libav. frag¬ments of the Alatcrnus as Clusgive a Black, L Sue- Chap. 113. k Mixture to make Sphears.’ .
Many compofitions 1 find in Authors, and becaufe they are of fingular ufe in the Opticks, and nothing publijhed thereof in our own language, 1 fhall here give you fuch as I have met with, Thofe Sphears or Glafles are call d Metalline, not becaufe they are made of metall, but becaufe fome Afetalline bodys are mixed with them, and they do as to weight, and appearance much refemble them. Porta. Mag. J. 17. c. 23. thus prepares the mixture for them. Take a new pot that will bear the fire* luted within, dry it twice or thrice, melt there¬in of Tartar and Cryftalline Arfnick of each two pound, when you fee them fmoak, put in fifty pound of old worn-brafs* melt them fix or /even times, that they may be purified and re¬fined, then prefently add twenty five pound of Englifh Tin, and melt them all together. Take a little hereof with an Iron out of the pot, and try whether it be britle or hard, if britle add Brafs, if hard, Tin,or elfe boil it till fome of the Tin fly away, when it hath the de¬fined temper, cafl upon it two ounces of Borax, and let it alone till the fume be gone , Then
caft it into a mold and let it cool, when cold rub it with a Pumicc> then wfthi\Eincri?, when/ when you see the superficies smooth and polish¬ed, rub it with Tripoly, and lastly with fit Tin give it light and lustre. Most add a thir part of Tin to the Brass, that the mass way be
harder, and acquire greater perspicuity.
Porta J. 4. c. 23. Of his former edition, thus compounds this mixture. 'Tis thus com¬monly made by all men. Brass, and a triple of Tin, a little Arsnick and Tartar, that they may melt, and be incorporated; some add a triple quantity of Brass to Tin a little stibium,silver and the White Pyrites; some make it of Lead and a double of silver, and 'tis made of other metalls, and otherwise tempered, when they are cast into molds they must be polished and smoothed, that the reflected Ray may bring with it the resemblance of things, and imitate aLooking Glass. Whereunto the smoothness and fitness of the parts much conduceth. If the mixture be not smooth enough, cut or grind it, that on one fide the image represented may be bigger, and on the other less, and different. If it be rough apply it to the wheel, where arms are polished, and so 'tis burnished. If you make the glass Concave or Convex, lest the motion of the wheel should break the Glass plain a piece of wood, and make it of the shape Z 3 of of your Glafs, and faßen it on with pitch that it ftir not. Then rub it over with fine powder of Emery with a Cloath or Lether, then with fine powder of the Pumicc-ftonc, or whilft it picks to the wood with Putty ( fo the Gold- fmitl.s call Tin calcin'd ) mixed with ftri- poly. And for the laft pohfling with Tartar, Soot and afhes of Willows or Juniper, which will make it (bine befi of- all. Emery is prepat ed by powdering ferring and wetting.
Cardan. I. 2.de varier. c. 57. Gaffes call d Stet 1 Glalfc*1 are made of three parts of Brafs,of one part of Tin and Silver, and an 18th part of Antimony. Moft leave out the filver for the charge, others add onely a 24th part,as Aldrovand. 1. 1. c. 4. Mufaei Metall relates. Some make it of a pound of Tin, a third of Brafs melted, and then add an ounce of Tartar, and half an ounce of white Orpi- mow, all boild fo long as they fmoak. Then theyfaflion the Molten Metall into the figure of a Lot king-Glafs, on plain tables, heated and dryed with the fmoak of Rofin , and fmoothed with vine afles, then they after¬wards fmooth it glewed to Wood with water, and fand 5 next with Emery 3 or a fmooth PumicCj Pumice, thirdly with Putty, thus Cardan, and from him Kircher and Schwtnterus.
Harftoffcr. tom. 1. par. q. 13. de! t- ciar. Math, from Fliorovant, takes three quarters of T in , and a quarter of refined Copper and melts them then four ounces of calcind Tartar, Cryftalline Antimony fix ounces* Antimony fublirrid two ounces* com¬mon oyl four ounces* Mircalitc three ounces • Mix all thefe* and to every pound of tbe faid metalls*take thereof two ounces* let them eva¬porate and refine* adding a Burgundie- pitcb, when thefe are confumed pour the (luff in the molds.
Seal, exerc. 82. Sed. 3. thus of this mix¬ture* melt nine ounces of Tin, three of Brafs, and then add dryed Tartar one ounce* white Arfnick half an ounce* let them /land on the fire as long as they fmoak , and in the cajling, and polifiling proceeds as the other Authors.
Cornaus communicated to Sthottus this way. Take ten parts of Copper, when tis melted* add four parts of tin* then fprinkle a little Antimony and Sal Armoniack, and fiir and mix them till all the dangerous fmoak Z 4 (from{from which keep your mouth and nofe ) va- nifb, then caft it into a mold. 1 have found (faith he) this mixture by much ufe to be very good.
Some of thefe mixtures , and many others like, with divers other materials for polifhing you may find in Birelli, I. 9. c. 47. to the 5 5. to whom for brevities fake I refer you.
Chap. 114. way of colouring Glafs y
A Balls on the infide, is now I changed into another of Palling Pidurcs on the out fide of Balls, they are very pleafant,com-,; monly hung up in houfes.
Getfo. whereof thus Caefalp. 1.1. c. 9.
( the onely Latin Author 1 find mention it ) ell alia terra pallida glebis lapidofis qua ucuntur ad Aurichalcum tergendum, vulgo vocant geftum.T/vreb another pale earth with (tony clots* which they ufe to fcoure Brafs, they call it Gcifbm. But ft feems he knew not what it was, 'Tis a fort of Lime burnt into a pretty hard and very white ftony fubftance, glittering with fpots, as Spar doth in Lead and I in Ore, and pretty ponderous. To the eye it much referrdles Alao]afttr,c»z/ if brittle as it, 'for
Obfervations on the Author. 34^ for foif a large piece 7 have by me. ’Tjf made /»Spain, and carried thence to the Canary Illands , and put into the wine t rat./ported thence* and gives it a whitifh colour and fer¬mentation* and fo preferves that wine which would not otherwife keep * but would grow vapid* being tranfported into other coun-tries.
Chap. 115. j 1 Ltramarinr, fo call'd as Cxfalp. quod forte Egyptum figmhtat aliis praclatum, this mqt beautiful colour, and of value equal * if not furpaffing Gold * all Authors that treat of /tones or colours* deliver tbe ways of preparing it. 'Tis a very nice colour to make* and unlefs all the Lapis Lazuli you ufe be fingular Iy good*all your labour if loft. ’Tis fufficient for me to point at the Authors* who have written of it* omitting their procefles* becaufe very long and. tedious. Boeth. dc Boodt. de gem & Lap. 1. 2. c. 123, 124. to Chap. 142. Where he teacheth in a long feries of words* to chofe the /tones ( for fome of them will bear the fire which Aldrovand. cals fixed* others will lofe their colour in the fire ) then the way to calcine it* to make veflels* Lees* (Irong and weaker Flai¬ders* wherewith the colours maybe more eafily drawn
drawn forth, and how it must be washed to serve for Pictures. And in the last Chapter he teacheth a shorter and less expensive way to extract this colour. Next him followeth Bi-relli, who somewhat shorter delivers all these Processes, I. 9. from Chap. 80. to Chap. 109. Some painters onely grind the Lapis Lazuli into a fine powder, and so use it. Chap, 116. Ake from Cochineel. No doubt this word comes fromthe Gum call'd Lacca, the colour and tincture whereof have both the same colour, with this of the Painters. M a t h , in l. 1 . D i o s c . c . 23. asserts there are many kinds of Artificial Lake which are made of the Sediment of several tinctures. One is made of the Berry (head) of Burnet which they commonly call Cremese and Cremesino (Crimson) another of Cher- m e s Berries, a third of true Gum-lacc, and lastly a fourth of Brasil, the worst of all, but he sheweth not the way of making either of them.
Concerning this place, and the mi stakes of Math, herein, hereafter in a Treatise designed for colours, Birell. l. 1 1 . c . 39. teacheth a way to make a Lake of this Gum. Take ( saith he) Obfervations on the Author. 34-7 be ) about twenty pound of mens urine, which boil and fcum well, put a pound of Gum-Iacc, and file ounces of Alum into it, fet them over the pre. Boil them till the colour be extraded, make proof with a little of it, then add of A- lumen Sactharinum, what quantity you judge ft, then Prein it as the other Lakes are.
I find in feveral writers receits for making Lakes, differing onely either in the materials from which, or in refpeR of the Menftruum wherewith they are extraded. Some ufe Chcr- mes-berries or Grains ( a firup whereof the Apothecaries have of a noble tindure) and they are gathered from the Ilex thence call'd Coccijera, a tree whereof you may fee in a garden in Old-ftrcer, London, neer the Peft-houfe, but it never bore fruit in Eng¬land , another grew in his Majefties Privy- garden at White-hall, but twas lately cut down , by the ignorant ufurpers. Some ufe the Cochineel, which is a Maggot or fly bred on the Ficus Indica , whereof fee at large, Joan dc Laet defcript. Ind J.5. c. 3. as alfo Herrera & Zimcnes. Others ufe dyedLlox (the moft commonjwhich our Author here teach¬eth how to die, and this is the beft way. Others take the Scowrings of Cloath dyed in Stammel or Scarlet.
Her-Hernandez in his Hift. I. 3. chap. 45. thus of making Lake in the Indies. OfNo- chcztlh that ts Cochineel, fometimes a Pur¬ple, fometimes a Scarlet colour if made,at- cording to the various ways of preparing it.
The moft exquiftte if made by beating it with the water of the die oft ion of the tree call'd Tot- zuatl, adding AlumyW the fetlingis form'd into Cakes.
As for the Nlenftruums they are Lees made by our Author of Vine or Willow, or of other foft Wood. Others make it of Oaken or other ftrong ajhes, yet the Lee muft be no ftronger than being put upon the tongue , twill prick or bite it a little onely. Surely Aqua-fortis might do very well, finer we fee it fo far advanced) the colour of Cc- chinecl in our incomparable’Row-dyes. The only inconvenience in Lakes hence made woulu be , that they would foon Tarnifb and loft their colour in the air, or with wet,ly reafon 0} the Salts relenting ; but perhaps this might It remedied by extracting and wafbing of theft Salts without any damage to the colour. Nowd writers proceed the fame way in difehargini
Obfervations on the Author. 349 the colour* precipitating ftreyning a ad drying I the Lake made. As to the laft I fhall add this* \ that Chalk-ftoncs fooner dry by imbibing the . moifture than Bricks do* as the conftant pra- >t Rice of Painters in making Paft ils* and of the I Refiners in drying their Verditers confirmetb. Before the Lake be fully dry* they form it into flails* or cut it with a wooden Knife ( not with J-J an Iron one ) into what fhapes and figures they , fleafe* or they may do as Painters for their Pafitls * caft them in furrows made in the
fione.
Chap. 117. QAline of the Levant, with O my Author Pilatro di Le¬vante **this word Pilatro I cannot find in any
Italian writer * this expedition of the word I had from an ancient per (on who wrought at Moran, he added ’twas a Salt extrafied from the froath 0/ the Sea* coagulated through the extreme heat of the countrey. The name of Saline, and this way of generation thereof I have had from other workmen* but the exposi¬tion from him alone.
Chapi' Chap. 118. lrelli makes his Lake from Brasil thus, He first ex¬
tracts a tincture from Flox, and then takes a pound of Brasil cut (ground is better) and boils the Lee to the consumption of a fingers thickness, then streins it, and adds to the streyn- ed liquor one ounce of Gum Arabick in pow-der, and reboils it, and boils away half as much as be fore, then mixeth both the liquours with a stick, then proceeds with the Hippocras-bag, &c. as before.
Chap , 124. Fair rose Re d Rosichiero , which Porta, 1.6. c.9. calls Rosaclerum, & teacheth this way of making it. Put 10 pound of Crystall into a pot, when 'tis well melted, put in a pound of the best Minium by halss at a time, stir them speedily,then with Iron ladles cast them iuto water,and that thrice, then mix five ounces of calcin'd Brass and Cin¬
naber of the deepest colour, and having stirr'd them well, let them settle three hours. When you have so done superadd of Glads of Tin three ounces,mix them without inter mission and you shall see in the Glass the most Florid colour of the Rose, which you may use to Enamel upon Gold.
Chap.
Chap. 126. ' | ■’O fix Sulphur k* teacheth I another way, Chap. 129.
Another Procefs to the fame purpofe* but much larger , Birel delivers* 1. 1. c. 50. But Sul¬phur thus prepared will eafily rije fublimd with Sal Armoniack. None that I have met with affirms fuch a fixation of Sulphur, as Hclmont doth* for in his mixture of Elements* he faith* he knew ways whereby whatfoever Sulphur was once diflolved* might be fixed in¬to a Terrcftrial powder. Our Author no where mentions any ufe of this powder in the Art of Glafs.
Chap. 129. A Tranfparent Red. Libav.'
[\ 1.2. Trad. 1. c. 35. By conjecture hits right on this colour from Gold in thefe words. I pudge that from a red tinRure of Gold diflolved into a liquour or oyl* and efpe¬cially with Cryftal, 4 Rubie may not unfitly be made. Of which conieRure he afligns this rea¬fon, becaufe Rubies are frequent where Gold is found* and therefore’tis c on fen t a eous that gold there doth degenerate into this jewel.
O make vitriolum Ve¬neris, Glaub. J. 2.Furn.
Philofop. propofeth this fbort way. Spirit of Sal Armoniac powredon calcind Copper> made by frequent ignition and extinction,in an hours fpace extrafls a Blew colour, which when diftolved, decant off, and fet in a cold places and 'twill yield a moft elegant Blew Vitriol. Croft, in his Bifil. Chym. defcribes well the, making of this Medicine. Begum, c. 17. fets down this way, Powder calcin d Copper, or it's fc ales very ftne, which digeft 24 hours in diflil'd vineger. Pour out the Tindured Vine* ger by inclination, and pour on more till 'twill be no more coloured. Filtre the decanted li¬queurs, Evaporate, or diftil off a third part, fet the remainder in a cold place , and you flail have Green and obfeure Vitriolum Veneris.
FINIS.