Appendix B

APPENDIX B.
ANCIENT AUTHORS.
We give the following brief notes on early works containing some reference to miner−
alogy, mining, or metallurgy, to indicate the literature available to Agricola and for historical
notes bearing upon the subject. References to these works in the footnotes may be most
easily consulted through the personal index.
GREEK AUTHORS.Only a very limited Greek literature upon subjects allied to
mining or natural science survives. The whole of the material of technical interest could be
reproduced on less than twenty of these pages. Those of most importance are: Aristotle
(384−322 B.C.), Theophrastus (371−288 B.C.), Diodorus Siculus (1st Century B.C.), Strabo
(64 B.C.¢5 A.D.), and Dioscorides (1st Century A.D.).
Aristotle, apart from occasional mineralogical or metallurgical references in
De Mira−
bilibus,
is mostly of interest as the author of the Peripatetic theory of the elements and the
relation of these to the origin of stones and metals. Agricola was, to a considerable measure,
a follower of this school, and their views colour much of his writings. We, however, discuss
elsewhere 1 at what point he departed from them. Especially in
De Ortu et Causis
does he
quote largely from Aristotle' s
Meteorologica, Physica,
and
De Coelo
on these subjects. There
is a spurious work on stones attributed to Aristotle of some interest to mineralogists. It was
probably the work of some Arab early in the Middle Ages.
Theophrastus, the principal disciple of Aristotle, appears to have written at least two
works relating to our subjectone "On Stones", and the other on metals, mining or metal−
lurgy, but the latter is not extant. The work "On Stones" was first printed in Venice in
1498, and the Greek text, together with a fair English translation by Sir John Hill, was
published in London in 1746 under the title "Theophrastus on Stones"; the translation is,
however, somewhat coloured with Hill' s views on mineralogy. The work comprises 120
short paragraphs, and would, if reproduced, cover but about four of these pages. In the
first paragraphs are the Peripatetic view of the origin of stones and minerals, and upon the
foundation of Aristotle he makes some modifications. The principal interest in Theophrastus'
work is the description of minerals; the information given is, however, such as might be pos−
sessed by any ordinary workman, and betrays no particular abilities for natural philosophy.
He enumerates various exterior characteristics, such as colour, tenacity, hardness, smooth−
ness, density, fusibility, lustre, and transparence, and their quality of reproduction, and then
proceeds to describe various substances, but usually omits his enumerated characteristics.
Apart from the then known metals and certain "earths" (ochre, marls, clay, etc.), it is possible
to identify from his descriptions the following rocks and minerals:marble, pumice, onyx,
1
834
gypsum, pyrites, coal, bitumen, amber, azurite, chrysocolla, realgar, orpiment, cinnabar,
quartz in various forms, lapis lazuli, emerald, sapphire, diamond, and ruby. Altogether there
are some sixteen distinct mineral species. He also describes the touchstone and its uses, the
making of white−lead and verdigris, and of quicksilver from cinnabar.
Diodorus Siculus was a Greek native of Sicily. His "historical library" consisted of
some 40 books, of which parts of 15 are extant. The first print was in Latin, 1472, and in
Greek in 1539; the first translation into English was by Thomas Stocker, London, 1568, and
later by G. Booth, 1700. We have relied upon Booth' s translation, but with some amend−
ments by friends, to gain more literal statement. Diodorus, so far as relates to our subject,
gives merely the occasional note of a traveller. The most interesting paragraphs are his
quotation from Agatharchides on Egyptian mining and upon British tin.
Strabo was also a geographer. His work consists of 17 books, and practically all
survive. We have relied upon the most excellent translation of Hamilton and Falconer,
London, 1903, the only one in English. Mines and minerals did not escape such an acute
geographer, and the matters of greatest interest are those with relation to Spanish mines.
Dioscorides was a Greek physician who wrote entirely from the standpoint of materia
medica, most of his work being devoted to herbs; but Book V. is devoted to minerals and
rocks, and their preparation for medicinal purposes. The work has never been translated
into English, and we have relied upon the Latin translation of Matthioli, Venice, 1565, and notes
upon the Greek text prepared for us by Mr. C. Katopodes. In addition to most of the sub−
stances known before, he, so far as can be identified, adds schist,
cadmia
(blende or calamine),
chalcitis
(copper sulphide),
misy, melanteria, sory
(copper or iron sulphide oxidation minerals).
He describes the making of certain artificial products, such as copper oxides, vitriol, litharge,
pompholyx,
and
spodos
(zinc and / or arsenical oxides). His principal interest for us, however,
lies in the processes set out for making his medicines.
Occasional scraps of information relating to the metals or mines in some connection
are to be found in many other Greek writers, and in quotations by them from others which are
not now extant, such as Polybius, Posidonius, etc. The poets occasionally throw a gleam
1
835
following works which concern our subject are considered genuine:
De Rebus Metallicis et
Mineralibus, De Generatione et Corruptione,
and
De Meteoris.
They are little more than
compilations and expositions of the classics muddled with the writings of the Arabs, and in
general an attempt to conciliate the Peripatetic and Alchemistic schools. His position in the
history of science has been greatly over−estimated. However, his mineralogy is, except for
books on gems, the only writing of any consequence at all on the subject between Pliny and
Agricola, and while there are but two or three minerals mentioned which are not to be found
in the ancient authors, this work, nevertheless, deserves some place in the history of science,
especially as some attempt at classification is made. Agricola devotes some thousands of
words to the refutation of his "errors."
Roger Bacon (1214−1294) was a Franciscan Friar, a lecturer at Oxford, and a man of
considerable scientific attainments for his time. He was the author of a large number of
mathematical, philosophical, and alchemistic treatises. The latter are of some importance
in the history of chemistry, but have only minute bearing upon metallurgy, and this chiefly
as being one of the earliest to mention saltpetre.
Basil Valentine is the reputed author of a number of alchemistic works, of which none
appeared in print until early in the 17th century. Internal evidence seems to indicate that
the "Triumphant Chariot of Antimony" is the only one which may possibly be authentic,
and could not have been written prior to the end of the 15th or early 16th century, although
it has been variously placed as early as 1350. To this work has been accredited the first
mention of sulphuric and hydrochloric acid, the separation of gold and silver by the use of
antimony (sulphide), the reduction of the antimony sulphide to the metal, the extraction of
copper by the precipitation of the sulphate with iron, and the discovery of various antimonial
salts. At the time of the publication of works ascribed to Valentine practically all these
things were well known, and had been previously described. We are, therefore, in much doubt
as to whether this author really deserves any notice in the history of metallurgy.
EARLY 16TH CENTURY WORKS. During the 16th century, and prior to
De Re
Metallica,
there are only three works of importance from the point of view of mining tech−
nologythe
Nützlich Bergbüchlin,
the
Probierbüchlein,
and Biringuccio' s
De La Pirotechnia.
There are also some minor works by the alchemists of some interest for isolated statements,
particularly those of Paracelsus. The three works mentioned, however, represent such a
1
839
stride of advance over anything previous, that they merit careful consideration.
Eyn Nützlich Bergbüchlin.
Under this title we frequently refer to a little booklet on
veins and ores, published at the beginning of the 16th century. The title page of our copy is
as below:
Einm nüb lith Berg
büchlin von allen Metal
len/als Golt/Silber/Zcyn/Rupfer
erts/ isen stein/Bleyerts/ nd
om Quec silber.
This book is small 8vo, comprises 24 folios without pagination, and has no typographical
indications upon the title page, but the last line in the book reads:
Gedruckt zu Erffurd durch
Johan Loersfelt,
1527. Another edition in our possession, that of "Frankfurt am Meyn",
1533, by Christian Egenolph, is entitled
Bergwerk und Probierbüchlin,
etc., and contains,
besides the above, an extract and plates from the
Probierbüchlein
(referred to later on), and a few
recipes for assay tests. All of these booklets, of which we find mention, comprise instructions
from Daniel, a skilled miner, to Knappius, "his mining boy". Although the little books of
this title are all anonymous, we are convinced, largely from the statement in the Preface of
De Re Metallica,
that one Calbus of Freiberg was the original author of this work. Agricola
says: "Two books have been written in our tongue: the one on the assaying of mineral sub−
stances and metals, somewhat confused, whose author is unknown; the other On Veins,
of which Pandulfus Anglus is also said to have written,
although the German book was written
by Calbus of Freiberg, a well−known doctor; but neither of them accomplished the task he had
begun.
" He again refers to Calbus at the end of Book III. 2 of
De Re Metallica,
and gives
an almost verbatim quotation from the
Nützlich Bergbüchlin.
Jacobi 3 says: "Calbus
Fribergius, so called by Agricola himself, is certainly no other than the Freiberg doctor,
Rühlein von C(K)albe." There are also certain internal evidences that support Agricola' s
statement, for the work was evidently written in Meissen, and the statement of Agricola that
the book was unfinished is borne out by a short dialogue at the end of the earlier editions,
designed to introduce further discussion. Calbus (or Dr. Ulrich Rühlein von Kalbe) was a very
active citizen of Freiberg, having been a town councillor in 1509, burgomaster in 1514, a
mathematician, mining surveyor, founder of a school of liberal arts, and in general a physician.
He died in 1523. 4 The book possesses great literary interest, as it is, so far as we are aware,
1
840
undoubtedly the first work on mining geology, and in consequence we have spent some effort
in endeavour to find the date of its first appearance. Through the courtesy of M. Polain,
who has carefully examined for us the
Nützlich Bergbüchlein
described in Marie Pellechet' s
Catalogue Général des Incunables des Bibliothèques Publiques de France,
5 we have ascertained
that it is similar as regards text and woodcuts to the Erfurt edition, 1527. This copy in the
Bibliothèque Nationale is without typographical indications, and M. Polain considers it
very possible that it is the original edition printed at the end of the fifteenth or begininng of
the sixteenth centuries. Mr. Bennett Brough, 6 quoting Hans von Dechen, 7 states that the
first edition was printed at Augsburg in 1505, no copy of which seems to be extant. The
Librarian at the School of Mines at Freiberg has kindly furnished us with the following notes
as to the titles of the copies in that Institution:(1)
Eyn Wolgeordent und Nützlich Bergbüch−
lein,
etc., Worms, 1512 8 and 1518 9 (the place and date are written in); (2) the same as ours
(1527); (3) the same, Heinrich Steyner, Augsburg, 1534; (4) the same, 1539. On comparing
these various editions (to which may be added one probably published in Nürnberg by Fried−
rich Peypus in 1532 10 ) we find that they fall into two very distinct groups, characterised by
their contents and by two entirely different sets of woodcuts.
GROUP I.
(a) Eyn Nützlich Bergbüchlein
(in
Bibl. Nat.,
Paris) before 1500 (?).
(
b
) Ditto, Erfurt, 1527.
GROUP II.
(c) Wolgeordent Nützlich Bergbüchlein,
Worms, Peter Schöfern, 1512.
(d) Wolgeordent Nützlich Bergbüchlein,
Worms, Peter Schöfern, 1518.
(e) Bergbüchlin von Erkantnus der Berckwerck,
Nürnberg, undated, 1532 (?).
(f) Bergwerckbuch & Probirbuch,
Christian Egenolph, Frankfurt−am−Meyn, 1533.
(g) Wolgeordent Nützlich Bergbüchlein,
Augsburg, Heinrich Steyner, 1534.
(h) Wolgeordent Nützlich Bergbüchlein,
Augsburg, Heinrich Steyner, 1539.
There are also others of later date toward the end of the sixteenth century.
The
Büchlein
of Group I. terminate after the short dialogue between Daniel and Knappius
with the words:
Mitt welchen das kleinspeissig ertz geschmeltzt soll werden;
whereas in those of
Group II. these words are followed by a short explanation of the signs used in the woodcuts,
and by directions for colouring the woodcuts, and in some cases by several pages containing
definitions of some 92 mining terms. In the editions of Group I. the woodcut on the title page
represents a miner hewing ore in a vein and two others working a windlass. In those of
Group II. the woodcut on the title page represents one miner hewing on the surface, another to
the right carting away ore in a handcart, and two others carrying between them a heavy
timber. In our opinion Group I. represents the older and original work of Calbus; but as we
have not seen the copy in the
Bibliothèque Nationale,
and the Augsburg edition of 1505 has only
so far been traced to Veith' s catalogue, 11 the question of the first edition cannot be considered
settled at present. In any event, it appears that the material grafted on in the second group
was later, and by various authors.
The earliest books comprise ten chapters, in which Daniel delivers about 6,000 words
of instruction. The first four chapters are devoted to the description of veins and the origin
of the metals, of the remaining six chapters one each to silver, gold, tin, copper, iron,
lead, and quicksilver. Among the mining terms are explained the meaning of country rock
(
zechstein ), hanging and footwalls ( hangends and liegends ), the strike ( streichen ), dip ( fallen ),
and outcrop ( ausgehen ). Of the latter two varieties are given, one of the "whole vein,"
the other of the gesteins, which may be the ore−shoot. Various veins are illustrated, and also for the first time a mining compass. The account of the origin of the metals is a muddle of the Peripatetics, the alchemists, and the astrologers, for which acknowledgment to Albertus Magnus is given. They are represented to originate from quicksilver and sulphur through heat, cold, dampness, and dryness, and are drawn out as exhalations through the veins, each metal owing its origin to the special influence of some planet; the Moon for silver, Saturn for lead, etc. Two types of veins are mentioned, "standing" ( stehendergang ) and flat ( flach− gang ). Stringers are given the same characteristics as veins, but divided into hanging, foot− wall, and other varieties. Prominence is also given to the geschick
(selvage seams or joints?).
1
842
The importance of the bearing of the junctions of veins and stringers on enrichment is elabor− ated upon, and veins of east−west strike lying upon a south slope are considered the best.
From the following notes it will be seen that two or three other types of deposits besides veins are referred to.
In describing silver veins, of peculiar interest is the mention of the association of bismuth ( wismuth ), this being, we believe, the first mention of that metal, galena ( glantz ), quartz ( quertz ),
spar ( spar ), hornstone ( hornstein ), ironstone and pyrites ( kies ), are mentioned as ganguematerials, "according to the mingling of the various vapours." The term
glasertz is used,
but it is difficult to say if silver glance is meant; if so, it is the first mention of this mineral.
So far as we know, this is the first use of any of the terms in print. Gold alluvial is described, part of the gold being assumed as generated in the gravel. The best alluvial is in streams running east and west. The association of gold with pyrites is mentioned, and the pyrites is
found "in some places as a complete stratum carried through horizontally, and is called a schwebender gang.
" This sort of occurrence is not considered very good "because the work
of the heavens can be but little completed on account of the unsuitability of the position."
Gold pyrites that comes in veins is better. Tin is mentioned as found in alluvial, and also in
veins, the latter being better or worse, according to the amount of pyrites, although the latter
can be burned off. Tin−stone is found in masses, copper ore in schist and in veins sometimes
with pyrites. The ore from veins is better than schist. Iron ore is found in masses, and
sometimes in veins; the latter is the best. "The iron veins with good hanging−and foot−
walls are not to be despised, especially if their strike be from east to west, their dip to the
south, the foot−wall and outcrop to the north, then if the ironstone is followed down, the
vein usually reveals gold or other valuable ore". Lead ore is found in
schwebenden gang and stehenden gang.
Quicksilver, like other ore, is sometimes found in brown earth, and sometimes, again, in caves where it has run out like water. The classification of veins is the same as in
De Re Metallica.
12 The book generally, however, seems to have raised Agricola' s opposition, for the quotations are given in order to be demolished.
Probierbüchlein.
Agricola refers in the Preface of De Re Metallica to a work in German on assaying and refining metals, and it is our belief that it was to some one of the little assay
books published early in the 16th century. There are several of them, seemingly revised
editions of each other; in the early ones no author' s name appears, although among the
later editions various names appear on the title page. An examination of these little books
discloses the fact that their main contents are identical, for they are really collections of
recipes after the order of cookery books, and intended rather to refresh the memory of those
Probier büchlein/auff Bold/Silber/tupffer/vnd Sley/Unch allerlay Metall
1
843
wie mandie zo nus arbayten vnm Probierensoll.
llem Müngmaystern/Warbeytt/Bdt werc ern/Berc leuten/vnntauff leütem er Metall zo nus mitgrossem fleyhzo
samengebracht.
1
844
already skilled than to instruct the novice. The books appear to have grown by accretions from many sources, for a large number of methods are given over and over again in the same book with slight variations. We reproduce the title page of our earliest copy.
The following is a list of these booklets so far as we have been able to discover actual copies:
Date.
Place.
Publisher.
Title (Short).
Author.
Un−known
Unknown
Unknown
Probierbüchlein
Anon.
(Undated; but catalogue of
British Museum suggests
Augsburg, 1510.) 1524
Magdeburg
Probirbüchleyn tzu Gotteslob
Anon. 1531
Augsburg
Unknown
Probierbuch aller Sachsischer Ertze Anon. 1533
Frankfurt a. Meyn
Bergwerck und Probierbüch−lein Anon. 1534
Augsburg
Heinrich Stey−ner, 8vo. Probirbüchlein
Anon. 1546
Augsburg
Ditto, ditto
Probirbüchlein
Anon. 1549
Augsburg
Ditto, ditto
Probirbüchlein
Anon. 1564
Augsburg Math.
Francke, 4to Probirbüchlein
Zach. Lochner 1573
Augsburg 8vo.
Probirbuch Sam. Zimmermann 1574
Franckfurt a. Meyn Probierbüchlein
Anon. 1578
Ditto Probierbüchlein Fremde und subtile Kunst
Cyriacus Schreittmann 1580
Ditto
Probierbüchlein Anon. 1595
Ditto
Probierbüchlein darinn gründ−licher Bericht Modestin Fachs 1607
Dresden
4to
Metallische Probier Kunst
Bericht vom Ursprung und
Erkenntniss der Metallis−chen
erze
C. C. Schindler
1669
Amsterdam
Probierbüchlein darinn
Modestin Fachs
1
845
gründ−licher Bericht
1678
Leipzig
Probierbüchlein darinn
gründ−licher Bericht
Modestin Fachs
1689
Leipzig
Probierbüchlein darinn
gründ−licher Bericht
Modestin Fachs
1695
Nürnberg
12mo.
Deutliche Vorstellung der
Pro−bier Kunst
Anon.
1744
Lübeck
8vo.
Neu−eröffnete Probier Buch
Anon.
1755
Frankfurt and
Leipzig
8vo.
Scheid−Künstler . . . alle Ertz
und Metalle . . . probiren
Anon.
1782
Rotenburg an
der Fulde
8vo.
Probierbuch aus Erfahrung
aufgesetzt
K. A. Scheidt
As mentioned under the
Nützlich Bergbüchlein,
our copy of that work, printed in 1533,
contains only a portion of the
Probierbüchlein.
Ferguson 13 mentions an edition of 1608, and the
Freiberg School of Mines Catalogue gives also Frankfort, 1608, and Nürnberg, 1706. The
British Museum copy of earliest date, like the title page reproduced, contains no date. The
title page woodcut, however, in the Museum copy is referred from that above, possibly indi−
cating an earlier date of the Museum copy.
The booklets enumerated above vary a great deal in contents, the successive prints
representing a sort of growth by accretion. The first portion of our earliest edition is devoted
to weights, in which the system of "lesser weights" (the principle of the "assay ton") is
explained. Following this are exhaustive lists of touch−needles of various composition.
Directions are given with regard to assay furnaces, cupels, muffles, scorifiers, and crucibles,
granulated and leaf metals, for washing, roasting, and the preparation of assay charges.
Various reagents, including glass−gall, litharge, salt, iron filings, lead, "alkali", talc, argol,
saltpetre, sal−ammoniac, alum, vitriol, lime, sulphur, antimony,
aqua fortis,
or
scheid−
wasser,
etc., are made use of. Various assays are described and directions given for crucible,
scorification, and cupellation tests. The latter part of the book is devoted to the refining
and parting of precious metals. Instructions are given for the separation of silver from iron,
from lead, and from antimony; of gold from silver with antimony (sulphide) and sulphur, or
with sulphur alone, with "
scheidwasser,
" and by cementation with salt; of gold from copper
with sulphur and with lead. The amalgamation of gold and silver is mentioned.
1
846
The book is diffuse and confused, and without arrangement or system, yet a little
consideration enables one of experience to understand most statements. There are over 120
recipes, with, as said before, much repetition; for instance, the parting of gold and silver
by use of sulphur is given eight times in different places. The final line of the book is: "Take
this in good part, dear reader, after it, please God, there will be a better." In truth, however,
there are books on assaying four centuries younger that are worse. This is, without doubt,
the first written word on assaying, and it displays that art already full grown, so far as con−
cerns gold and silver, and to some extent copper and lead; for if we eliminate the words
dependent on the atomic theory from modern works on dry assaying, there has been but very
minor progress. The art could not, however, have reached this advanced stage but by slow
accretion, and no doubt this collection of recipes had been handed from father to son long
before the 16th century. It is of wider interest that these booklets represent the first milestone
on the road to quantitative analysis, and in this light they have been largely ignored by the
historians of chemistry. Internal evidence in Book VII. of
De Re Metallica,
together with
the reference in the Preface, leave little doubt that Agricola was familiar with these book−
lets. His work, however, is arranged more systematically, each operation stated more clearly,
with more detail and fresh items; and further, he gives methods of determining copper and
lead which are but minutely touched upon in the
Probierbüchlein,
while the directions as to tin,
bismuth, quicksilver, and iron are entirely new.
Biringuccio (Vanuccio). We practically know nothing about this author. From the
preface to the first edition of his work it appears he was styled a mathematician, but in the
text^{14} he certainly states that he was most of his time engaged in metallurgical operations,
and that in pursuit of such knowledge he had visited Germany. The work was in Italian,
published at Venice in 1540, the title page of the first edition as below:
1
847
It comprises ten chapters in 168 folios demi−octavo. Other Italian editions of which
we find some record are the second at Venice, 1552; third, Venice, 1558; fourth, Venice,
1559: fifth, Bologna, 1678. A French translation, by Jacques Vincent, was published in
Paris, 1556, and this translation was again published at Rouen in 1627. Of the ten chapters the
last six are almost wholly devoted to metal working and founding, and it is more largely for
this description of the methods of making artillery, munitinons of war and bells that the book
is celebrated. In any event, with the exception of a quotation which we give on page 297 on
silver amalgamation, there is little of interest on our subject in the latter chapters. The
first four chapters are undoubtedly of importance in the history of metallurgical literature,
and represent the first work on smelting. The descriptions are, however, very diffuse, difficult
to follow, and lack arrangement and detail. But like the
Probierbüchlein,
the fact that it was
written prior to
De Re Metallica
demands attention for it which it would not otherwise receive.
The ores of gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, and iron are described, but much interrupted with
denunciations of the alchemists. There is little of geological or mineralogical interest, he too
holding to a muddle of the classic elements astrology and alchemy. He has nothing of con−
sequence to say on mining, and dismisses concentration with a few words. Upon assaying
his work is not so useful as the
Probierbüchlein.
On ore smelting he describes the reduction
of iron and lead ores and cupriferous silver or gold ores with lead. He gives the barest
description of a blast furnace, but adds an interesting account of a
reverbero
furnace. He
describes liquation as consisting of one operation; the subsequent treatment of the copper
by refining with an oxidising blast, but does not mention poling; the cupellation of argen−
tiferous lead and the reduction of the litharge; the manufacture of nitric acid and that
method of parting gold and silver. He also gives the method of parting with antimony and
sulphur, and by cementation with common salt. Among the side issues, he describes the
method of making brass with calamine; of making steel; of distilling quicksilver; of melting
out sulphur; of making vitriol and alum. He states that
arsenico
and
orpimento
and
etrisa−
gallio
(realgar) are the same substance, and are used to colour copper white.
In general, Biringuccio should be accredited with the first description (as far as we
are aware) of silver amalgamation, of a reverberatory furnace, and of liquation, although the
description is not complete. Also he is, so far as we are aware, the first to mention cobalt
blue (
Zaffre
) and manganese, although he classed them as "half" metals. His descriptions
are far inferior to Agricola' s; they do not compass anything like the same range of metal−
lurgy, and betray the lack of a logical mind.
Other works.
There are several works devoted to mineralogy, dating from the fifteenth
and early sixteenth centuries, which were, no doubt, available to Agricola in the compilation of
his
De Natura Fossilium.
They are, however, practically all compiled from the jeweller' s point
of view rather than from that of the miner. Among them we may mention the poem on
precious stones by Marbodaeus, an author who lived from 1035 to 1123, but which was first
1
848
printed at Vienna in 1511;
Speculum Lapidum,
a work on precious stones, by Camilli Leonardi,
first printed in Venice in 1502. A work of wider interest to mineralogists is that by Christoph
Entzelt (or Enzelius, Encelio, Encelius, as it is variously given), entitled
De Re Metallica,
and first printed in 1551. The work is five years later than
De Natura Fossilium,
but contains
much new material and was available to Agricola prior to his revised editions.